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Hakim Alkatiri
Mitral Stenosis
Mitral Stenosis
Causes
•rheumatic fever
•congenital abnormality, calcification, myxoma
Natural history
•RF age 12
•murmur 1st heard 20 yrs later
•symptoms in 3-4th decade
Mitral Stenosis - Clinical features
Severity MVA (cm²) LAP (mm Hg) CO
Mild >2.0 <10-12 NL
Moderate 1.1-2.0 ~10-17 NL
Severe <1.0 >18 ↓
Very Severe <0.8 >20-25 ↓
↓
Severity Symptoms
Mild Asymptomatic or mild DOE
Moderate Mild-mod DOE; orthopnea, PND, hemoptysis
Inspection
Malar flush
Peripheral cyanosis (severe MS)
Jugular venous distension (right ventricular failure)
Palpation
Parasternal right ventricular impulse
Palpable pulmonary arterial impulse
Palpable S1, P2, and occasionally, the diastolic rumble
Auscultation
Increased intensity of the first heart sound
Opening snap
Low-pitched diastolic rumbling murmur
Mitral Stenosis - Treatment
Medical
•Diuretic - pulmonary congestion
•Prevent embolism - cause of 19% deaths, ↑with
↑LA size and ↑age
anticoagulate all with PAF/AF, SR in older age
•Control atrial fibrillation
Mitral Stenosis - Treatment
Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty
Mitral Stenosis - Treatment
Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty
•100% ↑MVA, final area ~2cm2
•Failure rate 1-15%
•Mortality 0-3%
•Severe MR 2-10%
•Restenosis ~40% at 7years
•Contraindications - thrombus, MR, Ca++, other
disease
Mitral Stenosis - Treatment
Mitral Valve Replacement
•Open mitral valvotomy
•Mitral valve replacement
Mitral Regurgitation - Aetiology
•Primary
Annulus annular calcification
Leaflet myxomatous degeneration
rheumatic deformity
infectious perforation
Chordae myxomatous degeneration
spontaneous rupture
rheumatic shortening
infectious destruction
Papillary infarction
ischemic lengthening
•Functional
LV dilatation and PM displacement
CXR
Mitral Regurgitation - Pathophysiology
Mitral Regurgitation - Clinical findings
Acute dyspnoea, orthopnoea
no cardiomegaly, short murmur, S3
Chronic variable symptoms
cardiomegaly, murmur, P2 loud, S3
Quantification
•echocardiography, angiography
•serial studies, LV function
Mitral Regurgitation - Outcome in
Chronic MR
Acute
•Diuretics ↓LV filling P, ↓p oedema
•Vasodilators ↑forward SV
•IABP
Chronic
No known effective therapy
•Vasodilators - theoretical risks
•Treat complications
Mitral Regurgitation - Surgery
Options
•Valve repair
•MVR with chordal preservation
•MVR with destruction MV apparatus
Outcome
•Mortality 80-94% v 40-60% at 5-10years
•Valve function
•Ventricular function
Mitral Regurgitation - Indications for surgery
No randomised trials!!
1. Symptomatic with normal LV function
•prognosis worse once NYHA class II symptoms
•2-4% population
•females:males 2:1
•diagnosis from echocardiography
•subcategory according to leaflet abnormality
•SBE prophylaxis; normal + MR or abnormal leaflets
Aortic Stenosis - Aetiology
Root
Annuloaoroectasia
Marfans
Dissection
Syphillis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Leaflet
Endocarditis
Bicuspid valve
Rheumatic heart disease
Aortic Regurgitation - Pathophysiology
Normal
Acute Aortic Regurgitation - Clinical features
Treatment
•Medical therapy ineffective
•AVR if symptoms/signs LVF
Chronic Aortic Regurgitation - Clinical features
Medical - ↓afterload
Nifedipine 20mg bd delayed surgery by 2-3 yrs
Duplicated with small ACEI trials
Vasodilator therapy
ACC / AHA Practice Guidelines 2006
Indications for AVr/R
Class I
1. AVR is indicated for Symptomatic patients with
severe AR irrespective of LV systolic function.
2. AVR is indicated for asymptomatic patients with
chronic severe AR and LV systolic dysfunction ( EF
50 % or less) at rest.
3 AVR is indicated for patiens with chronic severe AR
while undergoing CABG or surgery on the aorta or
other heart valves.
Diagnosis Auscultation Other P. E Radiograph ECG Therapy
Mirtal
- S1 loud
- Opening snap
Summary diuretic
- ↑LA, PA, RV - RAD, LAE anti coagulan
stenosis present followed RV lift - Normal LV - (±) RVH
by a mid-diastolic BMV
rumble surgery
- Holosystolic LV heave ↑ LA and LV - LAE diuretic
Mitral Regur- usually radiating - AF vasodilator
gitation to the axilla common
- S1 soft, S3 surgery
common
Aortic - Ejection type - LVH none !!
stenosis early systolic May have a - Aortic (medical)
(transmitted murmur thrill at the valve LAD and BAV
from base) - Also heard at right 2nd ICS calcification LVH surgery
right 2nd ICS with
radiation to the
carotids
Aortic diastolic
regurgitation murmur at left - RV lift Hypovascular vasodilator
base - Peripheral lung fields if - RAD surgery
- P2 loud if PR signs or AR pulmonary - RVH
secondary to absent hypertension
pulmonary present
hypertension
Diagnosis Auscultation
Summary
Other P. E Radiograph ECG Therapy
- S1 loud
Tricuspid - Mid-diastolic
stenosis rumble ↑ a waves ↑ RA and SVC RAE
- increased by in JVP
inspiration
Holosystolic - ↑ V waves
Tricuspid murmur increases in JVP ↑ RA, ↑RV,
regurgitation with inspiration - Pulsating ↑ SVC RAD
(Carvallo's sign) liver
- RV failure
Ejection sistolic - RVH
Pulmonary with click ↑ A wave in - Poststenotic - RVH
stenosis - S2 split, P2 soft JVP dilatation of -RAD
or absent PA
Diastolic
Pulmonary murmur at left - RV lift hypovascular
regurgitation base - Peripheral lung fields if - RAD
- P2 loud if PR signs og AR pulmonary - RVH
secondary to absent hypertension
pulmonary present
hypertension