Abel C.

Quisquis

After 1 hour discussion the students will be able to: Trace the development of a nursing theory Describe the different types of theories and examples of each.

 1.

Four strategies of theory development Theory practice theory ( theory developed in other discipline and used in nursing situations)

2. Practice theory evolved from clinical practice

3. Research theory or inductive method Must evolve from research findings or empirical evidence.

4. Theory research theory theories developed by other disciplines are utilized but given unique nursing perspective. Original theory examined and given a new research findings.

According to range
Grand theory Middle range theory Micro theory

Grand Theory consist of broad conceptual frameworks that reflect wide and expansive perspectives for practice and ways of describing, explaining, predicting and looking at nursing phenomena. They are the most complex and broadest in scope. Hendersons The Nature of Nursing ; Levines The Four Conservation Principles of Nursing, Roys Adaptation Model, and Orems SelfCare (Marriner-Tomey)

Mid Range- less complex and narrower in scope than grand theory and micro theory. A more workable level is the middle range.more limited in scope and less variables, and testable.

Mid range Example: grand theory on stress and adaptation might not yield any interpretable guidelines on practice but if the theory is focused on chronic lingering illness as the stressor on family, the stress theory becomes operational for both research and practice purposes. Ex. Peplaus Psychodynamic Nursing and Orlandos Nursing Process Theory

Micro theories- are the least complex. They contain the least complex concepts and are narrowest in scope. They deal with a small aspect of reality, generally a set of theoretical statements - Deals with specific and narrow defined phenomena

1. 2. 3.

Client centered: Nightingale, Henderson Client-nurse dynamics: Watson Client-nurse environment : Leininger

1.

Client centered theories are those focused on the needs and problems of clients which are met, resolved or alleviated by nursing interventions This category includes theories developed by the following : Nightingale,Abdellah,Henderson,Orem,Pen der, Roy, Levine, Hall.

2.Nurse-client-dynamics focus on interaction between the nurse and client. This category includes theories developed by the following: Peplau, Watson, King and Orlando

3. CLIENT NURSE ENVIRONMENT- focus on the interaction between nurse and client in an environment that includes broader dimensions of time and space. As well as culture, cultural diversity, and universality. Theories of Neuman and Leininger are discussed under this category.