NAME: OKOLI AUSTIN OKECHUKWU

TOPIC: PRODUCTION OF PAPER CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY III

DEFINATION OF PAPER
Paper is a thin material mainly used

for writing upon, printing upon, drawing or for packaging. It is produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.

 Paper is a versatile material with many uses.

Whilst the most common is for writing and printing upon, it is also widely used as a packaging material, in many cleaning products, in a number of industrial and construction processes, and even as a food ingredient particularly in Asian cultures

Paper, and the pulp papermaking process, was said to be developed in China during the early 2nd century AD by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China.

Cai Lun (ca. 50 AD 121), courtesy name Jingzhong(), was a Chinese eunuch. He is traditionally regarded as the inventor of paper and the papermaking process, in forms recognizable in modern times as paper (as opposed to Egyptian papyrus). Although paper existed in China before Cai Lun (since the 2nd century BC), he was responsible for the first significant improvement and standardization of papermaking by adding essential new materials into its composition.

Paper

was invented by the Chinese by 105 AD during the Han Dynasty and spread slowly to the west via Samarkand and Baghdad. Papermaking and manufacturing in Europe started in the Iberian Peninsula, today's Portugal and Spain and Sicily in the 10th century by the Muslims living there at the time, and slowly spread to Italy and South France reaching Germany by 1400. In medieval Europe, the hitherto handcraft of papermaking was mechanized by the use of waterpower, the first water papermill in the Iberian Pensinsula having been built in the Portuguese city of Leiria in 1411, and other processes. The rapid expansion of European paper production was truly enhanced by the invention of the printing press and the beginning of the Printing Revolution in the 15th century.

The word "paper" is etymologically derived from papyros, Ancient Greek for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing long before the making of paper in China. Papyrus however is a "lamination of natural plants, while paper is manufactured from fibers whose properties have been changed by maceration or disintegration

Papermaking is the process of making paper, a substance which is used universally today for writing and packaging. In papermaking a dilute suspension of fibers in water is drained through a screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibers is laid down. Water is removed from this mat of fibers by pressing and drying to make paper. Since the invention of the Fourdrinier machine in the 19th century, most paper has been made from wood pulp because of cost. But other fiber sources such as cotton and textiles are used for high-quality papers. One common measure of a paper's quality is its non-wood pulp content, e.g., 25% cotton, 50% rag, etc. Previously, paper was made up of rags and Kemp as well as other materials.

Manual papermaking
1.

First the fibers are suspended in water to form a slurry in a large vat. 2. The mold is a wire screen in a wooden frame (somewhat similar to an old window screen), which is used to scoop some of the slurry out of the vat. 3. The slurry in the screen mold is sloshed around the mold until it forms a uniform thin coating. 4. The fibers are allowed to settle and the water to drain.

5.

6.

7.

When the fibers have stabilized in place but are still damp, they are turned out onto a felt sheet which was generally made of an animal product such as wool or rabbit fur, and the screen mold immediately reused. Layers of paper and felt build up in a pile (called a 'post') then a weight is placed on top to press out excess water and keep the paper fibers flat and tight. The sheets are then removed from the post and hung or laid out to dry.

 When the paper pages are dry, they are

frequently run between rollers (calendered) to produce a harder and smooth writing surface. Papers may be sized with gelatin or similar to bind the fibers into the sheet. Papers can be made with different surfaces depending on their intended purpose. Paper intended for printing or writing with ink is fairly hard, while paper to be used for water color, for instance, is heavily sized, and can be fairly soft.

Industrial papermaking
A paper mill is a factory devoted to making paper from vegetable fibers such as wood pulp, old rags and other ingredients using a Fourdrinier machine or other type of paper machine.

PISZKEI PAPER MILL S.A. LABATLAN / HUNGARY

AERIAL VIEW

PIZKEY PAPER MILL, LABATLAN, HUNGARY

PM I WET END (1996)

 A modern paper mill is divided into several

sections, roughly corresponding to the processes involved in making handmade paper. Pulp is refined and mixed in water with other additives to make a pulp slurry. The head-box of the paper machine (Fourdrinier machine) distributes the slurry onto a moving continuous screen, water drains from the slurry (by gravity or under vacuum), the wet paper sheet goes through presses and dries, and finally rolls into large rolls. The outcome often weighs several tons.

 Another type of paper machine makes use of

a cylinder mold that rotates while partially immersed in a vat of dilute pulp. The pulp is picked up by the wire and covers the mold as it rises out of the vat. A couch roller is pressed against the mold to smooth out the pulp, and picks the wet sheet off of the mold.

Paper size
Many paper size standards conventions have

existed at different times and in different countries. Today there is one widespread international ISO standard (including A4, B3, C4, etc.) and a local standard used in North America (including letter, legal, ledger, etc.). The paper sizes affect writing paper, stationery, cards, and some printed documents. The standards also have related sizes for envelopes.

A size illustration2 with letter and legal

Applications
Paper can be produced with a wide variety of properties, depending on

its intended use. For representing value: paper money, bank note, cheque, security, voucher and ticket For storing information: book, notebook, magazine, newspaper, art, zine, letter For personal use: diary, note to remind oneself, etc.; for temporary personal use: scratch paper For communication: between individuals and/or groups of people. For packaging: corrugated box, paper bag, envelope, wrapping tissue, Charta emporetica and wallpaper For cleaning: toilet paper, handkerchiefs, paper towels, facial tissue and cat litter For construction: papier-mch, origami, paper planes, quilling, paper honeycomb, used as a core material in composite materials, paper engineering, construction paper and paper clothing For other uses: emery paper, sandpaper, blotting paper, litmus paper, universal indicator paper, paper chromatography, electrical insulation paper (see also dielectric and permittivity) and filter paper

Reference

http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/papyrus#DWSm-en_gb-msdict-00002%E2%80%93049928

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Papyrus
http://www.paperonweb.com/grade11.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_sizes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_sizes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Stack_of_Copy_ Paper.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty

Thank you for your

attention