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Begins when cells in the lung grow out of control and form a tumor There are two main types of lung cancer: non-small cell and small cell
Precipitating Factors: Predisposing Factor: Genetics Diet Tobacco Use Lifestyle UV Exposure Other Carcinogens Environment Viruses
Malignant cellular Deprivation of Normal Cells of Nutrition and other substances for sustenance
C hanges in bladder or bowel habits A sore that fails to heal U unusual bleeding or discharges
Cancer is found
The cancer has spread to different lobes of the lung or to other organs, such as the brain, bones, and liver Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer is treated with chemotherapy
Patients with limited stage (confined to one area of the chest) small cell lung cancer are treated with simultaneous radiation therapy and chemotherapy Patients with extensive stage (not confined to one area of the chest) small cell lung cancer are treated with chemotherapy only Because small cell lung cancer can spread to the brain, preventative radiation therapy to the brain is routinely recommended to all patients whose tumors disappear following chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Radiation Exposure Smoking Environmental/ Occupational Exposure -Asbestos -Radon -Passive smoke
Smoking Facts
Tobacco use is the leading cause of lung cancer 87% of lung cancers are related to smoking Risk related to: -age of smoking onset -amount smoked -gender -product smoked -depth of inhalation
Many symptoms of lung cancer affect the chest and air passages. These include: Persistent or intense coughing Pain in the chest shoulder, or back from coughing Changes in color of the mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways (sputum) Difficulty breathing and swallowing Hoarseness of the voiceMany symptoms of lung cancer affect the chest and air passages. These include: Persistent or intense coughing Pain in the chest shoulder, or back from coughing Changes in color of the mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways (sputum) Difficulty breathing and swallowing Hoarseness of the voice Harsh sounds while breathing (stridor) Chronic bronchitis or pneumonia Coughing up blood, or blood in the sputum Harsh sounds while breathing (stridor) Chronic bronchitis or pneumonia Coughing up blood, or blood in the sputum
As lung cancer cells spread and use more of the body's energy, it is possible to present symptoms that may also be associated with many other ailments. These include: Fever Fatigue Unexplained weight loss Pain in joints or bones Problems with brain function and memory Swelling in the neck or faceAs lung cancer cells spread and use more of the body's energy, it is possible to present symptoms that may also be associated with many other ailments. These include: Fever Fatigue Unexplained weight loss Pain in joints or bones Problems with brain function and memory Swelling in the neck or face General weakness Bleeding and blood clots General weakness Bleeding and blood clots
No tests are recommended for screening the general population A low-dose helical computerized tomography (CT or CAT) scan is currently being studied for this purpose Any person who is at increased risk due to smoking or asbestos exposure should discuss the benefits and limitations of a screening CT scan with his or her doctor
Surgery
Radiation therapy
The tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest are typically removed to offer the best chance for cure
For non-small cell lung cancer, a lobectomy (removal of the entire lobe where the tumor is located), has shown to be most effective Surgery may not be possible in some patients
Drugs used to kill cancer cells A combination of medications is often used May be prescribed before or after surgery, or before, during, or after radiation therapy Can improve survival and lessen lung cancer symptoms in all patients, even those with widespread lung cancer
Assessment Subjective:
Nursing Diagnosis
Goal Expresses an understa nding of the need to balance rest and activity by the end of the shift.
Intervention
Note presence of factors contributing to fatigue.
Rationale
Fatigue affects both the clients actual and perceived ability to participate in activities. Example: Stress and/or depression may be increasing the effects of an illness, or depression might be the result of forced inactivity.
Evaluatio n After 8 hours of rendering nursing interventi on, the client was able to: Balance the oxygen and demand and decrease the signs of intoleranc e.
Activity intolerance Daw gina related to kapoy ako, imbalance nabudlayan ko between mag ginhawa oxygen supply and demand. Objective: Adventitious breath sounds Dyspnea RR= 24 cpm CR= 61 ABG result: Metabolic acidosis
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Goal
Desired Outcome
Interventio n
Evaluate clients actual and perceived limitations, and severity of deficit in light of usual status.
Rationale
Evaluation
Provide comparative baseline and information about needed education or interventions regarding quality life.
Monitor vital and cognitive signs, watching for changes in blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate.