Material Balance

Lecture by : Ir. Dewi Tristantini MT. PhD. University of Indonesia

Definition
Materials Balance analysis (MB) is a
systematic reconstruction of the way in which a chemical element, a compound or material passes through a natural cycle and/or its economical benefits. An analysis of the material flow, usually is based on the origin of a physical balance.
German investigation Committe, 1993

Uses
day to day operation of process for monitoring operating efficiency Making calculations for design and development of a process i.e. quantities required, sizing equipment, number of items of equipment

Basic Knowledge
BASIS The basis is the reference chosen for the calculations in any particular problems. A proper choice of basis frequently makes the problem much easier to solve. For selecting a suitable basis, ask yourself the following questions: 1. What do I have to start with? 2. What answer is called for? 3. What is the most convinient basis to use?

Basic Knowledge
CHEMICAL EQUATION AND STOICHIMETRY Chemical equation provides both qualitative and quantitative information essential for the calculation of the combining moles of materials involved in a chemical process. Stoichiometry: quantitative relation ship between reactants and products. Stoichiometric ratios: ratios obtained from the numerical coefficients in the chemical equation.

Basic Knowledge
CHEMICAL EQUATION AND STOICHIMETRY Chemical equation provides both qualitative and quantitative information essential for the calculation of the combining moles of materials involved in a chemical process. Stoichiometry: quantitative relationship between reactants and products. Stoichiometryc ratios: ratios obtained from the numerical coefficients in the chemical equation.

Basic Knowledge

Basic Knowledge

Example
Antimony is obtained by heating pulverized stibnite (Sb2S3) with scrap iron and drawing off the molten antimony from the bottom of reaction vessel. Sb2S3 + 3Fe 2Sb + 3FeS Suppose that 0.600 kg of stibnite and 0.250 kg of iron turnings is heated together to give 0.200 kg of Sb metal. Determine: a. The limiting reactant b. The percentage of excess reactant c. The degree of completion (fraction) d. The percent conversion e. The yield

Solution

Solution

Solution

Its Very Simple Right ? =)

Just Like a Piece of Cake =)

Now Lets See The Real Mass Balance Calculation

Material Balance
Conservation mass principle is used because it

indicates that:
Input Material = Output Material whereas :

Units of measurements given in kg or moles or m3 per time

Flow diagram
Graphic interpretation of the materials flows. It shows volumes, proportions, ecological relevance among other characteristics. Indicate the sequence or steps of the productive process.

Example 1: Input and Output diagram

Water Energy Auxiliary materials

Raw material

Unit Operation
Waste

Product (expected) byproduct (usable)

Waste easily assimilated by the environment

Inert waste always available

toxic/dangerous waste

Examples of Input and Output

Raw materials Gaseous emissions

Catalyst Air/Water Energy

Plant, Process or Unit Operation

Products By-products

Recycle

Wastewater

Liquid waste
Reusable residues in other operation Solid waste

Examples of the Flow Diagram Usage

Mass balance filtration/centrifuge

wash water/solvent

feed suspension

solid

waste water

filtrate

Filtration

5000 kg DM water

F1 Impurity 55 kg Water 2600 kg API 450 kg Water 7300 kg Impurity 50 kg API 2kg Water 300 kg API 448 kg Impurity 5 kg

Mass balance - drier

water/evaporated solvent

product feed water/evaporated solvent + dried material

Mass balance extraction/phase split

A+B

A+B

S+B

A = feed solvent; B = solute; S = extracting solvent

Mass balances multiple units

Overall balance Unit balances Component balances

Multiple units
W2

F1

C
R4

P3

E = evaporator; C = crystalliser; F=filter unit F1 = fresh feed; W2=evaporated water; P3 = solid product; R4 = recycle of saturated solution from filter unit

Mass balance procedures

1. 2. 3. 4. Process description Flowsheet Label Assign algebraic symbols to unknowns (compositions, concentrations, quantities) 5. Select basis 6. Write mass balance equations (overall, total, component, unit) 7. Solve equations for unknowns

Problems
PROBLEMS 1. A cereal product containing 55% water is made at the rate of 500 kg/hr. You need to dry the product so that it contains only 30% water. How much water has to be evaporated per hour? 2. To prepare a solution of 50.0% sulfuric acid, a dilute waste acid containing 28.0% H2SO4 is fortified with a purchased acid containing 96.0% H2SO4 . How many kilograms of the purchased acid must be bought for each 100 kg of dilute acid? 3. An aqueous etching solution containing 8.8% KI is to be prepared to etch gold in printed circuit boards. The desired solution is to be formed by combining a strong solution (12% KI and 3% I2 in H2O) with a weak solution (2.5% KI and 0.625% I2 in H2O) What should be the value of R, the ratio of the weights of the strong to the weak solution, to make up the desired etching solution? What will be the concentration of I2 in the final solution?