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REDOX REACTION AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Why Study Redox & Electrochemistry?


Electroplating of metal Batteries Corrosion Industrial production of chemicals such as Cl2, NaOH, F2 and Al Biological redox reactions Combustion of Fuel

Figure 2.1

The Concept Map


electrochemistry
includes

voltaic cell
Balance by

redox reaction
Half reaction method Oxidation number method

electrolytic cell

Terminology for Redox Reactions


OXIDATIONloss of electrons by a species; increase in oxidation number; gain of oxygen. REDUCTIONgain of electrons; decrease in oxidation number; loss of oxygen; OXIDIZING AGENTelectron acceptor; species is reduced. REDUCING AGENTelectron donor; species is oxidized.

Another way to remember LEO the lion says GER!


L E oss of lectrons is xidation G E ain of lectrons is eduction

GER!

Balancing Equations of Redox Reaction


Oxidation Number Method

Molecular reaction
E.g. : KMnO4 + H2C2O4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + CO2 + H2O

1. Determine whether it is oxidation and reduction reaction based on the


elements undergoing oxidation number change KMnO4 + H2C2O4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + CO2 + H2O
+7 +3 reduction oxidation +2 +4

7 2. Balance the total atom in elements undergoing oxidation and reduction by giving coefficient of reaction KMnO4 + H2C2O4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + 2 CO2 + H2O 3. Determine the total change of oxidation number for each oxidation and reduction reaction and balance the total change of oxidation number by fixed coefficient
+7 5e x 2 +2

KMnO4 + H2C2O4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + 2 CO2 + H2O


2(+3) = +6

2e x 5

2(+4) = +8

2 KMnO4 + 5 H2C2O4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 10 CO2 + H2O

8 4. Balance the other elements from metal, non-metal, H and O 2 KMnO4 + 5 H2C2O4 + 3 H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 10 CO2 + 8 H2O Elements K S H Left 2 1 16 Right 2 3 2

5. Redox reaction will be balance if the total of O on left equals with the total of O on right

2 KMnO4 + 5 H2C2O4 + 3 H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 10 CO2 + 8 H2O

Ionic reaction
E.g. : MnO4- + C2O42- Mn2+ + CO2 ( in acidic solution )

1. Determine whether it is oxidation and reduction reaction based on the elements undergoing oxidation number change
+7

MnO4- + C2O42- Mn2+ + CO2


+2
+3 reduction oxidation +4

2. Balance the total atom in elements undergoing oxidation and reduction by giving coefficient of reaction MnO4- + C2O42- Mn2+ + 2 CO2

3. Determine the total change of oxidation number for each oxidation and reduction reaction and balance the total change of oxidation number by fixed coefficient
5e x 2 +7 +2

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MnO4- + C2O42- Mn2+ + 2 CO2


2(+3) = +6 2e x 5 2(+4) = +8

2 MnO4- + 5 C2O42- 2 Mn2+ + 10 CO2 4. Balance the charge on the left side and on the right side in the redox reaction by : Adding H+ if in acidic solution Adding OH- if in alkaline solution

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Cause of in acidic solution : 2 MnO4- + 5 C2O42- 2 Mn2+ + 10 CO2

the total of charge on left = -12 the total of charge on right = +4

2 MnO4- + 5 C2O42- + 16 H+ 2 Mn2+ + 10 CO2


4. Balance H+ by adding of water (H2O)
2 MnO4- + 5 C2O42- + 16 H+ 2 Mn2+ + 10 CO2 + 8 H2O

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Practice Exercise Balance the following redox reaction by oxidation number method

1. KMnO4 + SnF2 + HF MnF2 + SnF4 + KF + H2O


2. Cr2O3 + Na2CO3 + KNO3 Na2CrO4 + CO2 + KNO2 3. IO3- + I- I2 + H2O (in acidic solution) 4. Cl- + MnO4- MnO2 + Cl2 (in alkali solution)

Balancing Equations of Redox Reaction


Half Reaction Method (Ion-electron)

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E.g. : Cr2O72- + Cl- Cr3+ + Cl2 ( in acidic solution )

1. Divide the reaction into half-reactions, one for oxidation and the other for reduction. Cr2O72- Cr3+ Cl- Cl2 ( reduction )

( oxidation )

14 2. Balance the total atom in each reaction (except O & H)

Cr2O72- 2 Cr3+
2 Cl- Cl2 3. If in acidic solution, so add H2O on O-deficient side and add H+ on other side for H-balance. If in alkaline solution, so add H2O on O-over side and add OH- on other side for H-balance Cr2O72- + 14 H+ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O 2 Cl- Cl2

4. Balance the charge of each reaction by adding electrons Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 e 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O 2 Cl- Cl2 + 2 e

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5. Balance the total electrons and add both half reactions


Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 e 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O 2 Cl- Cl2 + 2 e x1 x3

Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 Cl- 2 Cr3+ + 3 Cl2 + 7 H2O

Practice Exercise
Balance the following redox reaction by ion-electron method

1.
2. 3. 4.

I- + NO2- I2 + NO (in acidic solution)


MnO4- + AsO33- MnO2 + AsO43- (in alkaline solution) MnO4- + I- Mn2+ + I2 (in acidic solution) Br2 + Zn2+ BrO3- + Zn (in alkaline solution)

5.

Cr2O72- + H2SO3 Cr3+ + HSO4- (in acidic solution)

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Practice Exercise
Balance the following redox reaction by ion-electron or oxidation number method 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cr2O72- + Fe2+ Cr3+ + Fe3+ (in acidic solution) MnO4- + SO32- MnO42- + SO42- (in alkaline solution) Sn2+ + IO4- Sn4+ + I- (in acidic solution) S2O32- + I2 S4O62- + I- (in alkaline solution) Mn2+ + H2O2 MnO2 + H2O (in alkaline solution)

6.

MnO4- + IO3- MnO2 + IO4- ((in alkaline solution)

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Tips on Balancing Equations


Never add O2, O atoms, or O2to balance oxygen. Never add H2 or H atoms to balance hydrogen. Be sure to write the correct charges on all the ions. Check your work at the end to make sure mass and charge are balanced. PRACTICE!

OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
Direct Redox Reaction Oxidizing and reducing agents in direct contact.

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Figure 2.2 Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) ---> Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

Figure 2.3 Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) ---> Cu(aq) + Zn2+(s)

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OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
Indirect Redox Reaction

A battery functions by transferring electrons through an external wire from the reducing agent to the oxidizing agent.

Figure 2.4

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electrochemistry is field of chemistry that studies about relationship between electric energy and chemical energy or reverse. Electrochemical process occurs in an electrochemical cell Electrochemical Cell components Electrode Anode ( a place of oxidation occurs) Cathode ( a place of reduction occurs) Electrolyte solution Anox

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Cared

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Kinds of Electrochemical cell


Electrochemical Cell

Voltaic Cell
chemical energy electric energy

Electrolytic Cell
electric energy chemical energy

KPAN { Cathode ( + ) , Anode ( - ) } spontaneous redox reaction has salt bridge

KNAP { Cathode ( - ) , Anode ( + ) } not spontaneous redox reaction has no salt bridge

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VOLTAIC (GALVANIC) CELL


At the figure 2.2

Zn Zn2+ + 2 e Cu2+ + 2 e Cu Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu

(oxidation) (reduction)

Electrons move from Zn to Cu directly. It is an indication that these redox reaction obtains electric current. But the electric current cant be detected (measured).

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Figure 2.5

Electrons move through external wire.


The function of salt bridge is to neutralize ions

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DIAGRAM OF VOLTAIC CELL


Oxidation Reduction anode electrolyte electrolyte cathode
Salt bridge
From figure 2.6, we can write down diagram of voltaic cell :

Zn Zn2+(aq) Cu2+(aq) Cu

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ELECTRODE POTENTIAL and CELL POTENTIAL


Reduction reaction can cause electric potential which is called reduction potential or electrode potential (E).
Value of E from reduction reaction cannot be measured because there is no reduction reaction without oxidation reaction Electrode potential (E) can be measured by using standard electrode (H2) So, the value of E is called E0 (standard reduction potential or standard electrode potential) The difference of reduction potential of two reduction reaction in different substance is called cell potential

At figure 2.5, the potential is +1.10 V at 25 C and when [Zn2+] and [Cu2+] = 1.0 M. +1.10 V is difference of potential for Zn/Cu cell or it is called as cell potential

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e
H2 Pt
HCl

0,34 v

e
Cu

Salt bridge

Figure 2.6

CuSO4

H2(g) 2 H+ + 2 e Cu2+ + 2e Cu

(Ox) (Red)

Electrode potential of H2 = 0,00 v, so +0,34 v at the figure 2.6 is standard reduction potential of Cu

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Notes : If standard reduction potential for an electrode = + , so the electrode is easier reduced than electrode of H2 If standard reduction potential for an electrode = so the electrode is more difficult reduced than electrode of H2 ,

Cu2+ + 2 e Cu 2H+ + 2 e H2 Zn2+ + 2 e Zn

E0 = +0.34 v E0 = 0,00 v E0 = -0,76 v


increasing strength of reducing agent

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Standard Reduction Potential for Several Electrodes in Aqueous Solution , E0 (volt )


Reduction Half-Reaction
Li+(aq) + e- Li K+(aq) + e K Ba2+(aq) + 2e- Ba Ca2+(aq) + 2e- Ca Na+(aq) + e- Na Mg2+(aq) + 2e- Mg Al3+(aq) + 3e- Al Mn2+(aq) + 2e- Mn Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Zn Cr3+(aq) + 3e- Cr Fe2+(aq) + 2e- Fe Cd2+(aq) + 2e Cd Co2+(aq) + 2e- Co

E0 (v)
-3,04 -2,92 -2,90 -2,87 -2,71 -2,37 -1,66 -1,18 -0,83 -0,76 -0,74 -0,44 -0,28 -0,28

Reduction Half-Reaction
Ni2+(aq) + 2e- Ni Sn2+(aq) + 2e- Sn Pb2+(aq) + 2e- Pb 2H+(aq) + 2e H2 Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- 4OH-(aq) I2(s) + 2e 2I-(aq) Ag+(aq) + e- Ag Hg2+(aq) + 2e- Hg Br2(l) + 2e- 2Br-(aq) O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- 2H2O(l) Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq) Au3+(aq) + 3e- Au F2(g) + 2e- 2F-

E0 (v)
-0,23 -0,14 -0,13 0,00 +0,34 +0,40 +0.56 +0,80 +0,85 +1,06 +1,23 +1,36 +1,52 +2,87

2H2O(l)+ 2e- H2(g)+ 2OH-(aq )

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From value of standard reduction potential for several electrodes in the table above, we can write down reactivity series of metal OR voltaic series (deret volta)

0,00 v
Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
E0 << Strong reducing agent Weak oxidizing agent Be easiest oxidized E0 Weak reducing agent Strong oxidizing agent Be easiest reduced

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Cell Potential (E0cell) is difference of electrode potential

E0cell = E0high - E0low

E0cell = E0cathode - E0anode

E0cell = E0red - E0ox

Example

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Given 2 electrodes :
Mg2+(aq) + 2e Mg(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e Zns) E0 = -2,37 v E0 = -0,76 v oxidation / anode reduction / cathode

Calculate E0cell of both electrodes ! Solution


Step 1 Step 2

E0cell

= E0high - E0low
= -0,76 v (-237 v) = +1,61 v

Cell potential can be calculated by : Cathode : Zn2+ + 2e Zn Anode : Mg Mg2+ + 2e E0 = -0,76 V E0 = 2,37 V E0 = +1,61 V

Mg + Zn2+ Mg2+ + Zn

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Redox reaction will be spontaneous, when


E0cell = + A metal is left other metal ion in voltaic series

Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au

Mn
K+ + Na

+ Fe2+

Mn2+ +

Fe

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Example
Predict whether the following reactions will be spontaneous or not ! a. Zn(s) + Mg2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Mg(s) b. Mg(s) + Ag+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Ag(s) c. Zn2+(aq) + Ag(s) Zn(s) + Ag+(aq) Solution a. Zn is oxidized and Mg is reduced E0cell = E0red E0ox = -2,37 (-0,76) = - 1,61 b. Mg is oxidized and Ag is reduced E0cell = E0red E0ox = +0,80 (-2,37) = + 3,17 v c. Ag is oxidized and Zn is reduced E0cell = E0red E0ox = -0,76 (+0,80) = - 1,56 v
not spontaneous not spontaneous

E0 Zn = -0,76 v E0 Mg = -2,37 v E0 Ag = +0,80 v

spontaneous

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Other Solution Rearrange the metals based on E0 Mg Zn Ag

From the arrangement can be concluded : 1. Mg + Zn2+ Mg2+ + Zn 2. Zn + Mg2+ 3. Ag+ + Mg Ag + Mg2+ 4. Zn2+ + Ag

Only reaction of B can occurs

Practice Exercise 1. Given :

Ni2+ + 2e Ni Ag+ + e Ag

E0 = -0,23 v E0 = +0,80 v

From the electrode potential above : a. Draw the voltaic cell ! b. Write down the reduction reaction ! c. Write down the oxidation reaction ! d. Write down the redox reaction ! e. Write down the cell diagram ! f. Calculate E0cell !

2. Predict whether the following reaction will be spontaneous or not ! a. Sn2+ + Mn Sn + Mn2+ d. Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu b. Ni2+ + 2Ag Ni + 2Ag+ e. Al + 3Pb2+ 2Al3+ + Pb
B'wina 36

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3. Below is list standard reduction potential of some elements


Ag+ + e Ag Sn2+ + 2e Sn Cu2+ + 2e Cu Cr3+ + 3e Cr Fe2+ + 2e Fe E0 = +0,80 v E0 = -0,14 v E0 = +0,34 v E0 = -0,74 v E0 = -0,44 v

a. Choose pair of 2 half-cells which has the highest E0cell and the lowest E0cell b. Write down cell diagram of the reaction

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The Kinds & Applications of Voltaic Cell


Kinds of Voltaic Cell

Primary Voltaic Cell

Secondary Voltaic Cell

Fuel Cell

Unrenewable Irreversible Dry battery Alkaline battery Mercury oxide battery

Renewable Reversible Accumulator Ni-Cd battery Lithium ion battery

Unrenewable but cant be exhaused

Cell containing of The mixture of H2 & O2

Dry Cell Battery


Dry cell consists of zinc cylinder filled with paste from MnO2 mixture, NH4Cl, carbon and some water

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A (-) : Zn(s)

Zn2+(aq) + 2e-

C (+) : 2 MnO2(s) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2e2Mn2O3 (s) + 2 NH3(aq) + H2O (l)


Overall Reaction :

Figure 2.10

Alkaline Battery
Nearly same reactions as in common dry cell, but under basic conditions (e.g. KOH) Anode (Zn)

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Cathode (MnO2)
Figure 2.11

Overall Reaction :

Mercury Battery

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Figure 2.12

42

Anode

Cathode

Figure 2.13

Overall Reaction :

Accumulator
Usage

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Accumulator consists of : Pb (anode) PbO2 (cathode) H2SO4 ( electrolyte solution )

Recharge Anode (Pb)

Cathode (PbO2)

H2SO4

The reaction in accumulator at time produce electricity : A (-) : Pb(s) + SO42-(aq) C (+) : PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2eOverall Reaction : PbSO4(s) + 2ePbSO4(s) + 2 H2O(l)

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Accumulator can be recharged by reversing the electron flow if the potential exhausted. Electrons are flowed from cathode to anode. Pb electrode is connected to the negative terminal of the current source
A ( + / PbO2 ) : PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O(l) C ( - / Pb) : PbSO4(s) + 2ePbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2ePb(s) + SO42-(aq)

Overall Reaction :

Ni-Cad Battery
Ni-Cd battery consists of : Cadmium, Cd (anode) Nickel oxide solid (NiO2) (cathode) Electrolyte solution (KOH)

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Anode : Cd(s) + 2 OH- (aq) ---> Cd(OH)2(s) + 2eCathode : NiO2(s) + 2 H2O(l) + 2e- ---> Ni(OH)2(s) + 2 OH-(aq) Overall Reaction :

Figure 2.14

Fuel Cell

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Figure 2.15

Cars can use electricity generated by H2/O2 fuel cells. H2 carried in tanks or generated from hydrocarbons

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Fuel cell consists of a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, electrode with porous carbon containing platinum metal and alkali solution (KOH) which is between the two electrodes O2 gas is flowed to cathode through electrode H2 gas is flowed to anode

A : 2H2(g) + 4OH-(aq) 4H2O(l) + 4eC : O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- 4OH-(aq) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

Corrosion
Corrosion is electrochemical reaction between a metal and its environment The corrosion of iron, Fe is called rusting. The process of rusting Iron, Fe will rust when both oxygen, O2 and water, H2O are present. Other factors cause rusting of iron are ; acid, electrolyte solution and carbon.

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The rusting of iron, Fe is redox reaction. Oxidation and reduction occur at separate parts of metal surface.

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The process of rusting involved the following steps :


water O2 Rust (Fe2O3.3H2O) O2

Fe3+

Fe2+
Anode Fe Fe2+ + 2e e

Cathode
O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4 OH-

Overall Reaction : 2Fe + 2H2O + O2 2 Fe2+ + 4 OH2 Fe(OH)2

Fe2+ will be oxidized by oxygen 4 Fe(OH)2(s) + O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) 4 Fe(OH)3(s) Fe2O3.3H2O(s)

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Preventing rusting of iron 1. Iron, Fe are coated on its surface with paint, oil and plastic 2. Coating iron, Fe with other metal through electroplating

Iron, Fe is electroplated by metals which has smaller E0 than E0 of Fe, such as Cr, Zn, Al and Mg
H2O + O2 Layer of Zn Fe Figure 2.17 Coating Fe with Zn Anode Zn (-) : 2 Zn(s) 2 Zn2+(aq) + 4e layer of Zn which flaw

Cathode C (+) : 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e 4OH-(aq) Redox : 2Zn(s) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) 2Zn(OH)2(s)

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3. Make alloy, such as stainless steel (mixture of Fe, Cr & Ni). Contents of Cr in the alloys is 12 % - 18 %. Cr will be oxidized to form strong and transparency layer is layer of Cr2O3. 4. Give protection of cathode.

This way is used to cover pipelines in earth from corrosion, where metal which more reactive (e.g. Mg) than iron, Fe (based on reactivity series of metal or volta series) is planted in earth and is connected with Fe.
Iron, Fe acts as cathode and magnesium, Mg acts as anode

ELECTROLYTIC CELL

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Inert electrode

Inert electrode

Figure 2.18

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From figure 2.18, can be explained the process of electrolysis


1. Electron moves from pole (-) of an electric current source (battery) to cathode. 2. The electron from the cathode moves to solution. Ion (+), Na+ is reduced to be neutral atom (Na solid) at the cathode . Ion (-), Cl- will be pulled to anode and will be oxidized to be neutral atom (Cl2 gas) 3. Electron which produced on the anode moves to electric current source Electrolysis of the molten NaCl can be written : NaCl(l) Na+(l) + Cl-(l) x2 x2 +

Cathode :
Anode :

Na+ + e Na
2 Cl- Cl2 + 2e

Reaction : 2 NaCl Na + Cl2

ELECTROLYSIS
Reaction on cathode (Cation is reduced)
1. Ions of IA, IIA, Al+3 , Mn2+ ( aqueous ) 2H2O 2O + 2e 2OH-- + H2 2H+ 2e 2OH + H2 2. Other metal ions Mn+ n+ ne ne M M+ + M 3. H+ ion ( acid ) + ++ 2H+ 2H2e 2e H2 2 H 3. 2. 1.

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Reaction on anode ( Anion is oxidized )


Ions from remain of acid which contain oxygen (SO 42-, NO 3- etc) 2 H2O 2O 4H+++O22+ 4e 4H +O + 4e 2H Halide ions (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-) 2 X- X- X22 + 2e X + 2e 2 OH- ion ( base) and O2- ion 4 OH2 H2O + O2 + 4e

22 O2 O2- O2 + 4 e 2

4.

All metal ions ( molten ) Mn+Mn+ne ne M + +

1 , 2 & 3 occurs when use inert electrode (Pt, C, Au) If use non-inert electrode, so the anode will undergo oxidation

M M Mn+ + ne Mn+ + ne

Examples
1. Electrolysis of KI solution by carbon electrode x2 KI (aq) K+ (aq) + I- (aq) Cathode : 2H2O + 2e 2OH- + H2 Anode : 2I I2 + 2e + Reaction : 2KI + 2H2O 2 K+ + 2 OH- + H2 + I2 2KI + 2H2O 2 KOH + H2 + I2

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2. Electrolysis of molten MgCl2 by carbon electrode MgCl2(l) Mg2+(l) + 2 Cl-(l) Cathode : Mg2+ + 2e Mg Anode : 2 Cl- Cl2 + 2e Reaction : MgCl2 Mg + Cl2

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3. Electrolysis of AgNO3 solution by carbon electrode x4 AgNO3 (aq) Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) Cathode : Ag+ + e Ag x4 Anode : 2H2O 4H+ + O2 + 4e + Reaction : 4AgNO3 + 2H2O 4Ag + 4H+ + 4NO3- + O2 4. Electrolysis of NaOH solution by iron electrode NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) x3 Cathode : 2H2O + 2e 2OH- + H2 x2 Anode : Fe Fe3+ + 3e Reaction : 6 H2O + 2 Fe 6 OH- + 2 Fe3+ + 3 H2

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5. Electrolysis of molten MgSO4 by carbon electrode MgSO4(l) Mg2+(l) + SO42-(l) Cathode : Mg2+ + 2e Mg Anode : SO42- SO2 + O2 + 2e Reaction : MgSO4 Mg + SO2 + O2

Point to note : Electrolysis of a molten, the cation will be reduced and the anion will be oxidized.

6. Electrolysis of CaBr2 solution by iron cathode and carbon anode + 2+ CaBr2(aq) Ca (aq) + 2 Br (aq) Cathode : 2 H2O + 2 e 2 OH- + H2 Anode : 2 Br Br2 + 2e Reaction : CaBr2 + 2 H2O Ca2+ + 2 OH- + H2 + Br2

Practice Exercise

Write down complete reaction of :


NaCl solution by copper electrode Molten AlCl3 by carbon electrode CdSO4 solution by iron electrode Ba(NO3)2 solution by platinum electrode AgNO3 solution by electrode

B'wina

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FARADAYS LAW
Faraday I
The quantity of substance produced on electrode is equal to the quantity of electricity passing through the electrolysis

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m = e F
Ar m xF o.n
Where : m o.n F Q i t = = = = = =

1 Faraday = 1 mole of electron

Q it F 96500 96500

mass of substance which produced for electrolysis (gram) oxidation number the total electricity in Faraday the total electricity in Coulomb the total electricity in Ampere time of electrolysis (second)

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Faraday II
If the same quantities of electricity are passed trough several electrolytic cells, substances produced by each cell equals to the equivalent weight

F1 F2 Fn
mn m1 m2 .......... . e1 e2 en

(1) = 1st cell (2) = 2nd cell

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Examples
1. A molten KCl is electrolyzed using a current of 193 A for 1 minutes. (Ar K = 39 ; Cl = 35,5) a. Write down complete reaction! b. Calculate mass of substance plated on the cathode ! c. Calculate volume of gas which formed on the anode at STP !

Solution
KCl(l) K+(l) + Cl-(l) Cathode : Anode : K+ + e K 2 Cl- Cl2 + 2e x2 x2

a. Reaction : 2 KCl 2 K + Cl2

b.

1st way

it 193 x 60 0,12 F 96500 96500

0,12 F = 0,12 moles of electron = 0,12 moles of K

m of K = mole x Ar = 0,12 x 39 = 4,68 g

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2nd way

Ar it 39 193 x 60 m x x 4,68 g o.n 96500 1 96500


c. Based on reaction 0,12 F = 0,12 moles of electron 1 mole of Cl2 = 2 moles of electron mole of Cl2 = x mole of electron = x 0,12 = 0,06 moles

V Cl2 (STP) = n x 22,4 L = 0,06 x 22,4 = 1,344 L


2. An electrolysis of AgNO3 solution produced 54 g of Ag. Calculate mass of Cu which produced when the same electric current is passed through CuSO4 solution ! (Ar Ag = 108 ; Cu = 63,5) Solution

mAg eAg

mCu eCu

mCu 54 108 / 1 63.5 / 2

m Cu = 15.9 g

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Practice Exercise
1. How many minutes will it take an electric current of 5 A to precipitate all the copper from 500 mL of 0,250 M CuSO4(aq) ? (Ar Cu = 63,5) 2. A current of 0,5 F is passed through 250 L of NaI solution with inert electrodes. When volume of the solution is assumed constant, a. write down complete reaction! b. calculate the volume of gas which produced on cathode at STP? c. what is pH of the solution after electrolysis? 3. Electrolysis cells with inert electrodes were arranged in series. The cells contained solution of CuSO4, AgNO3 and AlCl3. 21,6 g of silver in cell 2 was formed for electrolysis. Calculate a. How many gram of copper was plated out in cell 1? b. What is the volume of Cl2 was produced in cell 3 at RTP? 4. An electrolysis of MSO4 solution produced 0,28 g of M on the cathode. The product of electrolysis can be neutralized by 50 mL of 0,2 M NaOH solution. What is the relative atomic mass of M ?

Electrolysis in Industries
1. Extraction of metals

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There are many industrial applications of electrolysis. The most common application include : Reactive metals such as aluminium and magnesium can be extracted from their ores by electrolysis. In this process, molten compound, concentrated solutions of salts or hydroxide solutions are electrolyzed. 2. Purification of metals Pure copper and silver can be obtained through the process electrolysis.

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3.

Electroplating of metals In electroplating of metals, electrolysis is used to coat one metal onto another metal.

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