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Historically, probably the most commonly-studied cases of twophase flow are in large-scale power systems. Coal and gas-fired power stations used very large boilers to produce steam for use in turbines. In such cases, pressurised water is passed through heated pipes and it changes to steam as it moves through the pipe. The design of boilers requires a detailed understanding of two-phase flow heat-transfer and pressure drop behaviour, which is significantly different from the single-phase case. Even more critically, nuclear reactors use water to remove heat from the reactor core using two-phase flow. A great deal of study has been performed on the nature of two-phase flow in such cases, so that engineers can design against possible failures in pipework, loss of pressure, and so on (a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA))
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Three types of Water reactors are there 1>Pressurized Water reactor 2>Boiling Water Rector 3>LMFBR But Pressurized Water Rector is used in major nuclear power plants. The coolant for nuclear power plant is water and that circulates through a heat exchanger by a pump. As the water reaches the boiling temperature (form two phase mixture) by heat of the nuclear rods(Fuel Rods) the deep pressurizer pressurize the water to became subcooled (compressed liquid) at high pressure. At high pressure at temperature corrosion can occur result into pipe break or crack or leakage. Loss of coolant accident (LOCA) can takes place which result into very dangerous effect. We are aware of fukushima accident in Japan. The reason behind that accident was Loss of coolant.

The rate of coolant blow down through a break or a leak is most important to design the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS). Rate of coolant blow down determine depressurization rate and the time of reactor fuel uncovery. The mass flux discharge depends upon the leak or break configuration , Upstream condition, thermodynamic property and it tend to be choke and hence maximum flow rate.

1> Homogeneous equilibrium (same velocity and same property) 2>Homogeneous non-equilibrium (same velocity and different property) 3>non-Homogeneous equilibrium (different velocity and same property) 3>non-Homogeneous non-equilibrium (different velocity and different property)

We shall first discuss the physical characteristic of critical flow under subcool inlet flow conditions. Next based upon the observed characteristics, flashing process will be defined and critical flow conditions will be predicted.

General Model:
Assuming two phase flow through a pipe with equal phase velocity (Homogeneous) and thermodynamic equilibrium exist between vapor and liquid (Equilibrium). To formulate the two phase flow phenomenon, the bernaulis equation, in its general form of the enery balance for the flow of unit mass of fluid, can written as

Now, this is basic design for pipe break. Based on this design we simplify the mass Flux equation.

Critical Two Phase Flow : Critical Overview

Critical Two Phase Flow : Critical Overview

In HEM, we assume the vapor and liquid are in thermodynamic equilibrium and having same velocity. HEM gives good calculated value of mass flux for long pipes, so that thermodynamic equilibrium can achieve. But break or leak can happen at hipressure/temperature side mean near to the core. Hence HEM could not be the best model but sufficient to fulfill the purpose of ICCS (Emergency core cooling system designed on HEM calculations. As we done our previous calculation, we here assuming that our upstream conditions are subcooled and all the processes are isentropic. We will use predictions of Levy, Starkman, R.E. Henry and other paperwork. Our assumptions are based upon Moody and Henry-Fauske model.

Gmax is critical flow rate obtained at nozzle/orifice exit. C is sonic velocity and b is dimensionless parameter. is P/Po. y is specific heat ration of vapour phase. K is slip ratio u(l) / u(g).
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Critical Two Phase Flow : Critical Overview

In HNEM, we assume the vapor and liquid are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but having same velocity. HNEM gives good calculated value of mass flux for short pipe, so that thermodynamic equilibrium can not achieve. But break or leak can happen at hipressure/temperature side mean near to the core. Hence HNEM could be the best model for Nuclear Reactor Core Blowdown analysis, and best for designing imergency core cooling system. As we done our previous calculation, we here assuming that our upstream conditions are subcooled and all the processes are isentropic. We will use predictions of Reocreux, Sozzi, Sutherland, Saha and other paperwork.

Our assumptions are based upon Richter and Henry-Fauske model. Pd is decompression pressure, Tr and Pr are reduced parameters at critical location. D is orifice diameter, T is superheat temperature, Ps is saturated pressure at pipe inlet, Po is stagnation pressure and Gc is critical mass flux.
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Comparison between experimental data and HEM and HNEM with changing stagnation steam quality at particular instant of time.

Time varying analysis of mass flow rate With orifice diameter 300mm and L/D ratio L/D=1

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Comparison between observed mass flux with calculated mass flux of HEM and HNEM

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