By : Hussein abed hilal /MSC

What is the distributed data base

A distributed database system is a collection of

logically related databases that cooperate in a transparent manner.

Transparent implies that each user within the system may access all of the data within all of the databases as if they were a single database There should be location independence i.e.- as the user is unaware of where the data is located it is possible to move the data from one physical location to another without affecting the user.

Data and information

Data : the computer science define the data as unprocessed data.

Information: this is the data after processed data that meaning .

DISTRIBUTED DATABASE ARCHITECTURE

Ddb cont
CLIEN T#1

D/BASE

CLIEN T#2

CLIEN T#3

Homogenous Distributed Database Systems

All sites have identical software

They are aware of each other and agree to

cooperate in processing user requests It appears to user as a single system

Heterogeneous Distributed Database System

In a heterogeneous distributed database

system, at least one of the databases uses different schemas and software.
A database system having different schema

may cause a major problem for query processing. A database system having different software may cause a major problem for transaction processing.

Feature of ddb
Centralized control Data independence Reduction of redundancy Complex physical structure and efficient access Integrity , recovery , and concurrency control Privacy and security

Centralized control
It is a one of strongest motivation for introducing database. It is possibility to provide centralize control of information resource. In ddb the idea of centralized control is much less emphasized.

Cont

In ddb we can define administrator who has responsibility of control on ddb

GLOBAL SYSTEM ADMINSTRATOR Who has control of whole database

1.

2. LOCAL SYSTEM ADMINSTRATOR who has responsibility of their respective local database

Database 1

Example Of center control

database2

Local control

Local control

network

Ceterlazied control

network

Database 3

database4

Local control

Local control

2-Data independence
It is one of the main introducing of database. It is mean that actual organization of data is transparent to the application programmer. Also data independence have the same importance of traditional of database.

3-Reduction of Redundancy
In distributed database, however, there are several reasons for considering data redundancy as a desirable feature: first, the locality of applications can be increased if the data is replicated at all sites where applications need it, and second, the availability of the system can be increased, because a site failure does not stop execution of applications at other sites if the data is replicated.

Reduction of data

ddb2

ddb3

Center control

ddb1 Original data

ddb4

4- Complex physical structures and efficient access

The reason for providing complex accessing structures is to obtain efficient access to the data. In distributed database, complex accessing structures are not the right tool for efficient access because cannot be provided by using physical structures and it is very difficult to build and maintain such structures.

Complex structure
Site 2

data

Site 1

Original data

Distributed database

Part of data

Site 4

Site 3

Part of data

5- Integrity, recovery, and concurrency control

In ddb the integrity and recovery and concurrency to different problem Transaction and atomic : It is a sequence of operations which either are performed or not performed . For example funds transfer.

6- Privacy and security

In traditional database, the database administrator, having centralized control, can ensure that only authorized access to the data is performed . But in DDB , local administrators are faced with the same problem as database administrator in traditional database.

Advantage and disadvantage of ddb

Advantages of database distribution The primary advantage of DDB systems is the ability to share and access data in a reliable and efficient manner. The following is a list of the main advantages:

Advantage of DDB
1-Data Sharing and distributed control: If a number of different sites are connected , then a user at one site may be able to access data available at another site. 2-Reliability and Availability: If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites may be able to continue operating .

Cont
3-Speed of Query processing: If a query involves data at several sites, it may be possible to split the query into sub queries that can be executed in parallel.

4-Incremental growth:

If an organization grows by adding new, relatively autonomous organizational units then the distributed database approach supports a smooth incremental growth with a minimum degree of impact on the already existing units.

5-Reduced communication overhead

In a geographically distributed database, the fact that many applications are local reduce the communication overhead with respect to a centralized database. Therefore, the maximization of the locality of applications is one of primary objectives in distributed database design.

6. Performance considerations
The existence of several processors results in the increase of performance through a high degree of parallelism.

Disadvantage of DDB
The primary disadvantage of distributed database systems is the added complexity among the sites. This increased complexity takes the form of: 1.software development cost It is more difficult to implement a distributed database system and, thus, more costly.

Cont
2. Greater potential for bugs Since the sites that comprise the distributed system operate in parallel,it is harder to ensure the correctness of algorithms. The potential exist for extremely subtle bugs . 3. Increased processing overhead. The exchange of messages and the additional computation required.

Cont

Architectural complexity. Cost. Security. Integrity control more difficult. Lack of standards. Lack of experience. Database design more complex.

The End