Concreting in Extreme Weather Conditions

Mansoor Azam Qureshi NUST
Weather
conditions at a jobsitehot or cold, windy or calm, dry or humidmay be vastly different from the optimum conditions assumed at the time a concrete mix is specified, designed, or selected, or from laboratory conditions in which concrete specimens are stored and tested. Weather extremes may be:
Hot Weather Cold Weather
Plain And Reinforced Concrete - 1
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High High Low High Solar
ambient temperature concrete temperature relative humidity wind speed radiation
Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1
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Increased
water demand Accelerated slump loss Faster setting Increased tendency for plastic cracking Prompt and early curing Difficulties controlling entrained air Increased potential for thermal cracking High temperature causes loss in strength loss in long run
Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1 10/23/2012
Slump reduces as concrete temperature rises. Water demand rises for same slump as temperature rises
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Decreased
strength from higher water to cement ratio Decreased durability due to cracking Increased permeability Non uniform surface appearance Increased tendency for drying shrinkage Reduced abrasion resistance from tendency to sprinkle water during finishing
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High temperatures of freshly mixed concrete increase the rate of setting and shorten the length of time within which the concrete can be transported, placed, and finished. Setting time can be reduced by 2 or more hours with a 10C (18F) increase in concrete temperature.
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For every 10 F increase in concrete temperature: You need 7 lbs (~ 1 gallon) of water per yd 3 to maintain a given slump You lose about 1 hr of setting time
Oh yah, if you add that 1 gallon of water you will lose about 150 psi of compressive strength
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Early strength up to 4 to 5 days is better at higher temperature but lower at 28 days and beyond.
Liquid nitrogen added directly into a truck mixer at the ready mix plant is an effective method of reducing concrete temperature for mass concrete placements or during hot-weather concreting.
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Concrete temperature reduces by 1 degree for 4 degree temp drop in water or 2 degree temp drop in aggregates.
A crusher delivers finely crushed ice to a truck mixer

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1. Low air temperature 2. High concrete temperature 3. Low humidity 4. High wind speed
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Moisten
aggregates Cool aggregates and mixing water Dampen sub grade Erect temporary windbreaks and sunshades Cover concrete Fog slab immediately after placing Add plastic fibers
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Loosened
formwork as soon as practical without damage to the concrete. Curing water should not be more than about 11C (20F) cooler than the concrete to prevent thermal cracking. In hot weather, continuous moist curing for the entire curing period is preferred. Moist-cured surfaces should dry out slowly after the curing period to reduce the possibility of surface crazing and cracking.
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Use materials and mix proportions that have a good record in hot-weather conditions Cool the concrete or one or more of its ingredients use a concrete consistency that allows rapid placement and consolidation Reduce the time of transport, placing and finishing as much as possible Schedule concrete placements to limit exposure to atmospheric conditions, such as at night or during favorable weather conditions . consider methods to limit moisture loss during placing and finishing, such as sunshades, windscreens, fogging, or spraying
Plain And Reinforced Concrete - 1 10/23/2012
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Apply temporary moisture-retaining films after screeding For unusual cases in hot weather and where careful inspection is maintained, a retarding admixture may be beneficial in delaying the setting time, despite the somewhat increased rate of slump loss resulting from their use.
NOTE:
Which precautions to use and when to use them will depend on: the type of construction; characteristics of the materials being used; and the experience of the placing and finishing crew in dealing with the atmospheric conditions on the site.
Average daily temperature <5C (40F) for 3 successive days Stays <10C (50F) for more than of any 24h period
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Delay
in setting and hardening.

Setting gets stopped below -10 C. Setting times increase appreciably. Slow progress of work. Delay in removal of formwork
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For every 10C (18F) reduction in concrete temperature, the times of setting of the concrete double
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Freezing

of Fresh Concrete.
Stop hydration of cement Expansion of concrete causing disruption of crystallization
Ice crystal formations occur as unhardened concrete freezes.

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Up
to 50% reduction of ultimate strength can occur if frozen Within a few hours Before reaching a strength of 3.5 MPa (500 psi) Frozen only once at an early age With curing nearly all strength can be restored Less resistance to weathering More permeable
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Fresh concrete should not be subjected to freezing temperature before attaining sufficient strength. IS recommended pre-hardening periods are shown below
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Freezing
Thawing
and
Durability is impaired. Fatigue stresses in concrete
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Insulation
and utilization of heat of
hydration. Selecting suitable type of cement. Heating of materials. Admixtures of anti-freezing materials. Electrical heating of concrete mass. Use of air entraining agents
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Protect Concrete Cover concrete to retain heat of hydration for maintaining concrete temperature
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Early-age compressivestrength relationships for Type I and Type III portland cement concretes mixed and cured at 4C (40F) compared to 23C (73F)
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Type
III or HE high-earlystrength cement Additional portland cement (60 to 120 kg/m3 or 100 to 200 lb/yd3) Chemical accelerators
Protection by Windbreak and high Strength

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Entrainment of air improves concrete strength in cold weather
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ACI 306R-88
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Heating aggregates, cement and mixing water will raise the temperature of fresh concrete to combat heat loss in cold weather.
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Concrete must be maintained at specified temperature for periods given below.
Cooling of concrete after protection period should be gradual and temperature drop in first 24 hrs should not exceed values given below
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The
ground must be thawed before concreting. Hydration will furnish some curing heat only. Enclosure is required and insulating blanket may be sufficient. Vented heater may be required in enclosed area. Concrete should not be placed on frozen sub grade or backfilled with frozen fill. recommended temp must be maintained.
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Portable
heater can be used to heat underside of floor slab thus obviating need for higher strength of concrete. Enclosure must be constructed. Direct fired heater without venting can be used. Formwork can be preheated before placing concrete. Enough insulation to maintain curing temperature should be provided
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Thermal resistance of 7 1.2 2 mineral fiber blanket 2K)/W (Fhrft )/Bt (m (50 to 70-mm [2 Reinforced Concrete - 1 thick) to 2.75-in.] 10/23/2012 u 37 Plain and
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Wood Canvas Tarpaulins Polyethylene Film
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Concreting in Extreme Weather Conditions

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Concreting in Extreme Weather Conditions

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Mansoor Azam Qureshi NUST

Hot Weather Cold Weather

Plain And Reinforced Concrete - 1

High High Low High Solar

ambient temperature concrete temperature relative humidity wind speed radiation

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain And Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain And Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain And Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain And Reinforced Concrete - 1

A crusher delivers finely crushed ice to a truck mixer

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain And Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain And Reinforced Concrete - 1 10/23/2012

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

in setting and hardening.

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Ice crystal formations occur as unhardened concrete freezes.

Plain And Reinforced Concrete - 1

Durability is impaired. Fatigue stresses in concrete

Plain And Reinforced Concrete - 1

and utilization of heat of

Plain And Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain And Reinforced Concrete - 1

Protection by Windbreak and high Strength

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Entrainment of air improves concrete strength in cold weather

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Concrete must be maintained at specified temperature for periods given below.

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Wood Canvas Tarpaulins Polyethylene Film

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

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