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Lecture Objective
to introduce some basic terminology and concepts
Computer Networks
Computer networks can be described in two ways
1. Hardware/software component description 2. as an infrastructure that provides services to distributed applications
Hardware/software description
Made up of 3 main parts
Network edge
end systems/Hosts desktop PCs and Servers (traditional) PDAs, TVs, Cell phones, Web cams etc (non-traditional) have network applications running on them i.e. store and transmit information
Access networks
connect end systems to the network core
Network core
Interconnection of communication links and routers that transport data
Network edge
end systems (hosts):
run application programs
e.g. Web, email
at edge of network
Access networks
Q: How to connect end systems to edge router? residential access nets
Dial-up, DSL, Cable
Network Core
mesh of interconnected routers the fundamental question:
how is data moved through a network of links and routers? circuit switching:
Resources needed along a path are reserved
telephone network
packet-switching:
Resources needed along a path are NOT reserved
Circuit Switching
End-to-end resources reserved for call
dedicated resources: no sharing
link bandwidth divided into pieces frequency division time division resource piece idle if not used
Packet Switching
each end-to-end data stream divided into packets
user A and user B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resources used as needed
resource contention:
aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available
Leads to congestion, packets queued and wait for the use of link
statistical multiplexing
1.5 Mb/s
Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth shared on demand statistical multiplexing.
packets queued (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers
2. queuing
time waiting at output link for transmission
depends on congestion level
A B
transmission
propagation
nodal processing
queuing
4. Propagation delay:
d = length of physical link s = propagation speed in medium (~2x108 m/sec) propagation delay = d/s
A B
transmission propagation
nodal processing
queuing
Nodal delay
d nodal d proc d queue d trans d prop
dproc = processing delay
typically a few microsecs or less
Packet loss
buffer preceding link has finite capacity packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost) lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not at all
A
B
Throughput
throughput:
rate (bits/time unit) at which bits are moved between sender and receiver instantaneous:
rate at given point in time
average:
rate over longer period of time
Network Protocols
All activities in computer networks that
involve two or more communicating remote entities is
governed by a protocol
Protocols
control sending and receiving of messages define
format and order of messages sent and received among network entities actions taken on message transmission/receipt
Network Security
The field of network security is about:
how bad guys can attack computer networks
put malware into endsystems attack servers and network infrastructure use false source addresses record and playback information
how we can defend networks against attacks how to design architectures that are immune to attacks
Review Questions
What do you understand by the term network protocol What are the five layers in the Internet protocol stack
What are the principal responsibility of each layer
What is
An application layer message A Transport layer segment a network layer datagram A link layer frame