DEGRADATION OF BIOPLASTIC BY MICRO ORGANISM

PRESENTED BY:-

NEHA SAHOO

09-PE-12

OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION HISTORY TYPES OF BIOPLASTIC MICRO-ORGANISMS DEGRADING BIOPLASTIC DEGRADATION OF BIOPLASTIC BIODEGRADATION OF PHA DEGRADATION OF PHA BY ENZYME BENEFITS , DRAWBACKS ,APPLICATIONS OF PHA RECENT TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES OF BIOPLASTIC CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
PLASTICS
Defined as polymers which on heating become mobile. Non metallic moldable compounds. Pure plastics have low toxicity. Plasticizers like adipates and phthalates are added to brittle plastics.

TYPES OF PLASTICS
Thermoplastics Thermosetting

BIOPLASTIC
Plastic made partially or wholly from polymers derived from biological sources. Polymer are lipid in nature. Degraded by fungi, bacteria ,enzyme and also in open air. Size, number of granules, monomer composition etc vary depending on producer organism.

History

Early History:

Natural resin like amber was used during Roman times.

In 1800s:John Wesley Hyatt discovered celluloid. This was the first widely used plastic.

In 1900s:Plastic made from synthetic polymer was used. Cellulose

came into existence.

In 2000s and beyond: Demand for plastic is continually growing. Now a days, bioplastic used are cellulose based, starch based and used as BIODEGRADABLE POLY BAG

BIOPOLYMERS: CLASSIFICATION
Renewable Resource-based Microbial synthesized Petro-Bio (Mixed) Sources

Petro-based synthetic

PLA Polymer (From Corn) Cellulosic plastics Soy-based plastics Starch plastics

Polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHAs) Polyhydoxybutyrate co-valerate (PHBV)

Aliphatic polyester Aliphatic-aromatic polyesters Polyesteramides

Sorona Biobased Polyurethane Biobased epoxy Blends etc

Polyvinyl alcohols

TYPES OF BIOPLASTICS
Starch based plastics

Cellulose based plastics

Aliphatic polyesters
Polyhydroxy butyrate(PHB) Polyhydroxyhexanoate(PHH) Polyhydroxyvalerate(PHV)

Polylactic acid(PLA) Polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA) Polyamide 11(PA 11)

PLASTIC
1) Polyethylene 2) Polyurethane 3) Polyvinyl chloride 4)BTA copolyester 1) Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 2) Polycaprolactone 3) Polylactic acid 1) Starch/polyethylene 2) Starch/polyester

MICRO-ORGANISM
Brevibacillus borstelensis Rhodococcus rubber Fusarium solani Cladosporium sp. Aspergillus niger Ochrobactrum TD Thermomonspora fusca

SYNTHETHIC PLASTIC

NATURAL PLASTIC
Pseudomonas lemoignei Clostridium botulinum Fusarium solani Bacillus brevis Aspergillus niger Streptomyces

POLYMER BLENDS

DEGRADATION OF BIOPLASTIC
The most important reaction for initiating the environmental degradation of synthetic polymers is the abiotic hydrolysis.

Bacteria and fungi degrade both natural and synthetic plastic..

Polymer first converted to monomer, then it is mineralized and the large polymer passes through the cellular membrane, so it is depolymerized to small monomer and then it is absorbed and biodegraded within microbial cell. Degradation is called mineralization when end product is CO2,H2O and methane. When O2 is available, microbial biomass ,CO2 ,methane and water is primary product. Generally ,an increase in molecular weight decreases polymer degradation.

BIODEGRADATION OF NATURAL PLASTIC

Widely produced microbial bioplastics are PHB, PHA and their derivatives.
STRUCTURE OF PHA:

PROPERTIES OF PHA:
Natural polyester of bacteria. Substitute for petrochemical plastic. Molecular mass of PHA is between 2105 to 3106 Daltons. Analogous material properties to thermoplastics to elastomers ranging from C3 to C14..

SOURCES
Anaerobic and aerobic micro-organism degrading PHA isolated from ecosystem. Soil:Pseudomonas lemoignei

Fresh water:Comamonas testosterone

Produced from plastids of transgenic plants like Arabidopsis thaliana,Brassica napus. Nicotiana tabacum,Medica sativa are plants that produce PHA by transgenic method.

Carbon Cycle of Bioplastics

Photosynthesis CO2 H2O Biodegradation

Plants

Recycle

Carbohydrates
Fermentation

Plastic Products

PHA Polymer

DEGRADATION OF PHA BY ENZYME

Microbial(enzymatic) action degrade PHA by secreting PHA depolymerase Two different PHA depolymerase exist: Extracellular(e-PHA depolymerase) Intracellular(i-PHA depolymerase) i- PHA depolymerase are released when nutrients are supplied back to medium and actively degrade stored native PHA. e-PHA depolymerase are carboxyesterases ,and can hydrolyse water soluble PHA to water soluble monomer. Enzyme compose of two domain: substrate-binding domain catalytic domain and linker region which connect two domain.

DEGRADATION OF PHA BY ENZYME(CONTD.)

The catalytic domain composed of triad(Ser-HisAsp).Serine part of lipase box pentapeptide(Gly-X-SerX-Gly) and found in hydrolases (lipases,esterases etc). Most PHA depolymerase donot bind to anion exchanger and have strong affinity for hydrophobic materials. Best PHA degrading bacteria is P.lemoignei that produces 7 different extracellular PHA depolymerase.

Biodegradation by PHA Depolymerases

BENEFITS & DRAWBACKS

BENEFITS
Synthesis process is eco-friendly. Bio-degradable. Transparency.

DRAWBACKS
Unsatisfactory mechanical properties. Brittleness.

Applications of PHA
Medical applications
Development of cardiovascular products
Drug delivery Cell implants

Packaging films, cosmetic products

Agricultural applications
Plastic film for crop protection, Seed encapsulation

Mobile phone casings,CD etc

RECENT TECHNOLOGY
Eco-One
Organic additive that biodegrade plastic when disposed in microbe rich environment. Allows plastic to be consumed by microbes.

MECHANISM
Formation of BioFilm Expansion of the Polymer Matrix

Initial Breakdown of Polymer Chain

Breakdown Continues Final Stages of Breakdown

Advantages of Bioplastic
Take less time to break down.

Are renewable.
Good for environment.

Require less energy to produce.

Are easier to recycle. Are not toxic. Reduce dependence on foreign oil.

CONCLUSION
To date, more than 160 different polyesters with plastic properties have been described and this number is growing exponentially by means of genetic and metabolic engineering techniques. It could be expected that many other bioplastics with different structures, properties and applications could be obtained if the appropriate organism were selected and genetically manipulated.

In conclusion, because of their special characteristics and

broad biotechnological applications, bioplastics are compounds with an extremely promising future.

REFERENCES
Bacon, C., and J. White. 2000. Microbial endophytes. Marcel Dekker, NewYork,NY. Cosgrove, L., P L. McGeechan, G. D. Robson, and P. S. Handley. . 2007.Fungal communities associated with degradation of polyester polyurethanein soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:58175824. Crabbe, J. R., J. R. Campbell, L. Thompson, S. L. Walz, and W. W. Schultz.1994. Biodegradation of a colloidal ester-based polyurethane by soil fungi. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 33:103113. Darby, R. T., and A. T. Kaplan. 1968. Fungal susceptibility of polyurethanes.Appl. Microbiol. 16:900905.

Thank You !