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Design Parameters
Sub Grade Strength and traffic of commercial vehicles (heavy & medium) are very important parameters which decide crust thickness & type of pavement requirement.
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Where the CBR of Sub grade soil is less than 2 The economical feasibility replacing 300mm sub grade with suitable soil needs to be explored if found feasible. (or) Stabilization of soils using various techniques is to be done depend upon suitability of the soils and cost (Mechanical Stabilization, Lime fly ash stabilization, Bitumen stabilization, Two stage stabilization). The pavement should then be designed based on the CBR value of the improved sub grade. Alternatively a caping layer of thickness not less than 100mm of modified soil (with CBR not less than 10) should be provided through out the total width of the road.
The top of the sub grade preferably not less than 300mm above the GL and not less than 600mm above the highest GWT or existing water levels. Similarly high embankments should not be provided if the site condition does not requires it.
Fig.2 Extended Modified Soil (CBR not less than 10) OR Extended Sub-base
Note: Expansive clays like BC soil may have soaked CBR of less than 2%
PAVEMENT COMPOSITION
Sub Base Course:
For Granular sub base, the materials generally used are natural sand, moorum, gravel, crushed stone, crushed slag, brick metal, kankar or combination thereof depending upon the grading required as per clause 401 of the MORD specifications. The CBR is not less than 20, in exceptional case may be relaxed to 15. The thickness of sub base shall not be less than 100mm.
Base Course:
For base course, the materials generally used are WBM, WMM or Crusher Run Macadam Base (CRMB) as per clauses 405, 406 and 411 of MORD specifications. The CBR is not less than 100.
Surfacing:
20mm premix carpet is recommended as per MORD specifications.
SHOULDERS: Shoulders are to be provided to give adequate lateral support to the pavement. The shoulder material should normally be of sub base quality compacted to a thickness of 100mm. If the anticipated traffic on the shoulders is high, gravel shoulders need to be provided over 1.00 m width from the edge of the carriageway as per the MORD specification 407.
TRAFFIC DESIGN
For the purpose of pavement design, the large no.of bicycles, motor cycles and pneumatic tyred animal drawn carts are of little consequence and only the motorized commercial vehicles of gross laden weight of 3 tonnes and above (i.e., HCV & MCV) are to be considered. The effect Solid Wheeled Carts (SWC) is to be considered (One SWC is approx. equal to two MCVS of laden weight of 6 - 8 tons each). For new roads to estimate the amount of traffic, traffic counts are to be carried out in the vicinity with similar conditions and the amount of traffic expected to ply on the new proposed road can suitably worked out.
Fig.5
The above figure typically takes about 40% of the duration of a harvesting season (t) to build up the traffic from lean season level T to the peak. The peak traffic may continue for about 20% of the duration of harvesting period before coming down to the lean season traffic level over a period of time again about 40% of the total duration of the harvesting season. The total number of repetitions (N) of a given vehicle type during the year N = T x 365 + 2n (0.6 t)T AADT = T +1.2nTt 365 Local enquiries play an important role in assessment of many parameters under traffic studies.
(Tonnes)
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
kN
29.4 39.2 49.1 58.8 68.7 78.5 88.3 0.02 0.06 0.14 0.29 0.54 0.92 1.48
10.0
11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
98.1
107.9 117.7 127.5 137.3 147.1
2.25
3.30 4.70 6.40 8.66 11.42
Traffic Categories
For pavement design the traffic has been categorized into seven categories as under.
Traffic Category T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Cumulative ESAL Application 10,000-30,000 30,000-60,000 60,000-100,000 100,000-200,000 200,000-300,000 300,000600,000 600,0001,000,000
Fig.6
Design Calculations Average Daily Traffic during non = 798 = 394 harvesting season (T) 2 AADT = T + 1.2nTt 365 n=1 t = 75 days AADT =394 + 1.2x1x394x75 = 492 365 Before opening of the road to traffic i.e., 2 years after traffic study AADT (Tn) = To (1+r)n r = 6% = 0.06
2 ____________ 365
x 1.062 = 63
Since the traffic count data does not give the proportion of unladen and laden vehicles, it is assumed they are equal in number. Vehicle Damage Factor For HCV No./day Laden 6.5 Unladen 6.5 For MCV Laden 31.5 Unladen 31.5
Assuming traffic growth rate (r) of 6% over design life (n) of 10 years the cumulative ESAL applications (N)
= 4811 To where To = ESAL/day = 4811 x 31.94 = 1,53,663
Pavement Design
For N = 1,53,663 & Avg. CBR of sub grade is 2.1, referring to the traffic category (T4) in the range 1,00000 to 2,00000 and the sub grade category of (S1) CBR=2 from pavement design catalogue, crust thickness required is 425mm Existing sub base Existing metal crust Proposed sub base = = = 0 0 275mm
Proposed base = 150mm (Grade II 75mm & Grade III 75mm thick) Proposed surface course = 20mm with Seal coat Type-A