Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 4. Kinematics in Two Dimensions

A car turning a corner, a
basketball sailing toward the
hoop, a planet orbiting the sun,
and the diver in the photograph
are examples of two-dimensional
motion or, equivalently, motion
in a plane.

Chapter Goal: To learn to
solve problems about motion
in a plane.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Reading Quiz
The acceleration vector of a particle in projectile motion
A. points along the path of the particle.
B. is directed horizontally.
C. vanishes at the particles highest point.
D. is directed down at all times.
E. is zero.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Reading Quiz
If the velocity vector of a projectile makes an angle u
with a horizontal axis, the x-component of the velocity is

A. v cos(u)
B. v sin(u)
C. v tan(u)
D. v/cos(u)
E. v/sin(u)
v

u
x
y
v
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
A ball is thrown upward at a 45 angle. In the
absence of air resistance, the ball follows a
A. tangential curve.
B. sine curve.
C. parabolic curve.
D. linear curve.

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
A. the bullet passes above the coconut.
B. the bullet hits the coconut.
C. the bullet passes beneath the coconut.
D. This wasnt discussed in Chapter 4.

A hunter points his rifle directly at a
coconut that he wishes to shoot off a tree.
It so happens that the coconut falls from
the tree at the exact instant the hunter
pulls the trigger. Consequently,
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Topics:
Acceleration
Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Projectile Motion
Relative Motion
Uniform Circular Motion
Velocity and Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion
Nonuniform Circular Motion and Angular Acceleration
Chapter 4. Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Acceleration
The average acceleration of a moving object is defined as
the vector
As an object moves, its velocity vector can change in two
possible ways.
1. The magnitude of the velocity can change,
indicating a change in speed,
or
2. The direction of the velocity can change,
indicating that the object has changed direction.
t
v
a
avg
A
A
=

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

Tactics: Finding the acceleration vector
t
v v
t
v
a
n n
avg
A

=
A
A
=
+

1
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Tactics: Finding the acceleration vector
Velocity vectors have the same length,
but each has a different direction.

Its a change of direction only
acceleration.
Object moving in a circle, its
acceleration points toward the
center of the circle.
Drawing the Acceleration for a Ferris Wheel Ride
t
v
a
v v v
A
A
=
= A

1 2
Is the velocity on a Ferris whell
constant?

A) Yes
B) No
C) Dont know
EXAMPLE 4.1 Through the valley
A ball rolls down a long hill, through the valley, and back up the other side.
Draw a complete motion diagram of the ball, showing velocity and acceleration
vectors.
Two-Dimensional Kinematics
j y i x
j r i r r
y x

by given is position particle A
+ =
+ =
j y i x
j y y i x x
j y i x j y i x
r r r





) ( ) (
) ( ) (

: motion s particle' of nt displaceme The
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
A + A =
+ =
+ + =
= A
1 2
1 2
y y y
x x x
= A
= A
j
t
y
i
t
x
t
r
v
avg

A
A
+
A
A
=
A
A
=
: Velocity Average
j v i v
j
dt
dy
i
dt
dx
dt
r d
t
r
v
y x
t

+ =
+ = =
A
A
=
A


: Velocity ous Instantane
lim
0
Two-Dimensional Kinematics
x
y
y x
y
x
v
v
v v v
v v
v v
=
+ =
=
=
) tan(
) sin(
) cos(
2 2
u
u
u
Two-Dimensional Kinematics
) , ( u v v =

Two-Dimensional Kinematics
0
Instantaneous Velocity:

lim
t
r dr
v
t dt
A
A
= =
A
Two-Dimensional Kinematics
dt
v d
t
v
a
t

=
A
A
=
A
lim
0

: on Accelerati ous Instantane
t
v v
t
v
a
n n
avg
A

=
A
A
=
+

1
Two-Dimensional Kinematics
Decomposition of the instantaneous acceleration:
dt
dv
a
dt
dv
a
j
dt
dv
i
dt
dv
dt
v d
j a i a a
y
y
x
x
y
x
y x
= =
+ = = + =

+ = a a a


//
direction
Two-Dimensional Kinematics
Constant Acceleration
constant. both are and
constant on accelerati the If
y x
y x
a a
j a i a a

= + =

If initial position:
and initial velocity:
its final position and velocity are
i i i
i ix iy
r x i y j
v v i v j
= +
= +
x f x i x
2
f i x i x
2 2
x f x i x
(v ) = (v ) + a t
1
x = x + (v ) t + a ( t)
2
(v ) = (v ) + 2a x
A
A A
A
Motion Diagram of a ball traveling from Jake to Jim
Projectile Motion
A projectile is an object that moves in two dimension under the influence
of only gravity and nothing else.
down) straight , m/s (9.80
) ( ) (
2
fall free
motion proj ectile ball tossed
=
= =
a
a a
y y

Projectile Motion
Projectile motion is made up of two independent motions:
uniform motion at constant velocity in the horizontal direction
and free-fall motion in the vertical direction.
t g v v
t g t v y y
i y f y
i y i f
A =
A A + =
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2
2
1
( )
( ) ( ) constant
f i x i
x f x i
x x v t
v v
= + A
= =
The kinematic equations that describe these two motions are
2
2
m/s 80 . 9
m/s 0
sin ) (
cos ) (
= =
=
=
=
g a
a
v v
v v
y
x
i i y
i i x
u
u
The motion has x & y components
and their common property is At.
range = x
f
- x
i

time of flight = t
f
- t
i

initial velocity :
Time of flight is the time that the projectile is in the air.
Vertical motion: y
f
= y
i
+ v
yi*
At g*At
2
= 0 + v
i
sin(u) At g*At
2
= 0
a
y
=-g

Horizontal motion: a
x
=0
range = x
f
- x
i
= 2 v
i
2
sin(u) cos(u)/g
Maximum height is when v
yf
=0 = v
yi
g*At
ymax
At
ymax
= v
i
sin(u)/g
ymax=?
Xmax=?
22 m/s
range = x
f
- x
i
= 2 v
i
2
sin(u) cos(u)/g
What is the x-component of velocity v
x
at the
indicated (*) position.?

a) v
i
cos(u) - gt
b) v
i
cos(u) + gt
c) v
i
cos(u)
d) v
i
sin(u)
e) v
i
sin(u) + gt




*
t g v v v v
t g t v y y t v x x
i y f y i x f x
i y i f i x i f
A = = =
A A + = A + =
) ( ) ( constant ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
1
Projectile Motion
x f x i x
2
f i x i x
2 2
x f x i x
(v ) = (v ) + a t
1
x = x + (v ) t + a ( t)
2
(v ) = (v ) + 2a x
A
A A
A

A stunt man drives a car off a 10.0-m-high cliff at speed of 20.0 m/s.
How far does the car land from the base of the cliff?
MODEL: Represent the car as a particle in free fall.
Assume that the car is moving horizontally as it leaves the cliff.
t g v v v v
t g t v y y t v x x
i y f y i x f x
i y i f i x i f
A = = =
A A + = A + =
) ( ) ( constant ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
1
The motion has x & y components
and their common property is At.
Projectile Motion
2
2
m/s 80 . 9
m/s 0
sin ) (
cos ) (
= =
=
=
=
g a
a
v v
v v
y
x
i i y
i i x
u
u
t g v v v v
t g t v y y t v x x
i y f y i x f x
i y i f i x i f
A = = =
A A + = A + =
) ( ) ( constant ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
1
x f x i x
2
f i x i x
2 2
x f x i x
(v ) = (v ) + a t
1
x = x + (v ) t + a ( t)
2
(v ) = (v ) + 2a x
A
A A
A
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
A hunter points his rifle directly at a coconut
that he wishes to shoot off a tree. It so
happens that the coconut falls from the tree at
the exact instant the hunter pulls the trigger.
Consequently,
A. the bullet passes above the coconut.
B. the bullet hits the coconut.
C. the bullet passes beneath the coconut.
D. This wasnt discussed in Chapter 4.

O : the origin of a fixed reference frame

r
AO
: the position of A as measured by O.

r
BO:
the position of B as measured by O.

r
AB
: the position of A as measured by B.
t
r
v
A
A
=

BO AB AO
v v v

+ =
Relative Velocity
BO AO AB
r r r

=
BO AO AB
' ' ' r r r

=
AO AO AO
BO BO BO
AB AB AB
'
'
'
r r r
r r r
r r r
= + A
= + A
= + A
BO AO AB
BO AO AB
v v v
r r r


=
A A = A
2 1 12 anybody anybody
v v v

+ =
(v
x
)
RA
= Runner relative velocity to Amy = 5 m/s
(v
x
)
CA
= Carlos relative velocity to Amy = 15 m/s
(v
x
)
AC
= Amys velocity relative to Carlos = -15 m/s
= -(v
x
)
CA

(v
x
)
RC
= Runners velocity relative to Carlos
= (v
x
)
RA
+ (v
x
)
AC

= 5 m/s + (-15 m/s)
= -10 m/s
2 1 12 anybody anybody
v v v

+ =
(v
x
)
RC
= Runners velocity relative to Carlos = ?
Relative Velocity
(v
x
)
bc
= bullet velocity relative to car = 300 m/s
(v
x
)
cg
= car velocity relative to ground = 50 m/s
(v
x
)
bg
= bullet velocity relative to ground = ?
How fast is a speeding bullet?
The police are chasing a bank robber. While driving at 50 m/s, they fire a bullet
to shoot out a tire of his car. The police gun shoots bullets at 300 m/s.
What is the bullets speed as measured by a TV camera crew standing beside
the road?
m/s 350 m/s 50 m/s 300
) ( ) ( ) (
= + =
+ =
cg x bc x bg x
v v v
Assess: The bullet is fired forward from a speeding vehicle.
It moves faster relative to the ground than the speed with
which it was shot from the gun, so our result makes sense.
(v
pg
)
x
= (v
pa
)
x
+ (v
ag
)
x

= 500 mph + 0 mph
= 500 mph.
(v
pg
)
y
= (v
pa
)
y
+ (v
ag
)
y

= 0 mph 100 mph
= -100 mph.
mph 510
mph) 100 ( mph) (500
) ( ) (
2 2
2 2
=
+ =
+ =
y pg x pg pg
v v v
Cleveland
Chicago
300 miles
v
pa
=500 mph
V
ag
=100 mph
V
pg
=?
east
south
o 1 -
1
11 )
mph 500
mph 100
( tan
)
| ) ( |
| ) ( |
( tan
= =
=

u
u
x pg
y pg
v
v

Finding the ground speed of an airplane
Cleveland is approximately 300 miles east of Chicago. A plane leaves Chicago flying due
east at 500 mph. The pilot forgot to check the weather and doesnt know that the wind is
blowing to the south at 100 mph. What is the planes velocity relative to the ground?
2 1 12 anybody anybody
v v v

+ =
ag pa pg
v v v

+ =
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Relative Motion
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Relative Motion
If we know an objects velocity measured in one reference frame, S, we can
transform it into the velocity that would be measured by an experimenter in
a different reference frame, S, using the Galilean transformation of velocity.
Or, in terms of components,
V v v V v v

' or ' = + =
V v v v v v
anybody anybody

'
2 1 12
+ = + =
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

A Speeding Bullet
The police are chasing a bank robber. While driving at 50 m/s, they fire a bullet
to shoot out a tire of his car. The police gun shoots bullet at 300 m/s.
What is the bullets speed as measured by a TV camera crew parked beside the road?
MODEL: Assume that al motion is along the x-axis.
Let Earth be frame S. Police car be S.
Frame S moves relative to frame S (Earth) with V
x
= 50 m/s.
The bullet is shoot from polices car (S) v
x
= 300 m/s.
The bullets velocity in Earth frame S:
v
x
= v
x
+ V
x
= 300 m/s + 50 m/s = 350 m/s
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Uniform Circular Motion
rad) in (with u u r s =
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
The quantity with the symbol is called
A. the circular weight.
B. the circular velocity.
C. the angular velocity.
D. the centripetal acceleration.

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Uniform Circular Motion
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Uniform Circular Motion
T
r 2
period 1
nce circumfere 1 t
= = v
R fR
T
R
v e t
t
= = = 2
2
f
T
t
t
e 2
2
: locity Angular ve = =
sin(90 ) 1
tan(45 ) 1
o
o
=
=
180
o
t =
f
T
t
t
e 2
2
: locity Angular ve = =
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
What is the angular velocity e of Earths rotation?
year 1
2
E.
hours 24
Radius) s (Earth' * 2
D.
hours 12 C.
hours 24
2
B.
2 A.
t
t
t
t
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
r
v
t
v
a
2
=
A
A
=
2

v d v t v v
v r r t r
u
A A A
= = = =
A
Acceleration in Circular Motion
v. speed at r radius of circle a in
moving object of on accelerati l Centripeta
circle) of center toward , (
2
r
v
a =

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Centripetal Acceleration
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The Acceleration of a Ferris Wheel
A typical carnival Ferris wheel has a radius 9.0 m and rotates 4.0 times per minute.
What magnitude acceleration do the riders experience?
MODEL: Model the rider as a particle in uniform circular motion.
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General Principles
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General Principles
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Important Concepts
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Important Concepts
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Applications
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Applications
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Applications
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Applications
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.