Ref: ALQURAN

RANA TARIQUE MEHMOOD

PhD Scholar (Management Sciences)
Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology. SZABIST

MS (Management Sciences)
Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology. SZABIST

MBA Marketing (GOLD MADELIST)

BAQAI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY KARACHI

BSc Medical Technology

BAQAI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY KARACHI

E-mail: tariqphdszabist@gmail.com Website: www.ranatariqmehmood.com Ph# 0333-2923550

Introduction to Research

Tarique Mehmood
Master Trainer Learning Innovation Division HEC Islamabad

Case Study on Wal-mart

By Harvard Business Review

ILM Kya hai?

Agr koi tum pr zulm kre to usy muaaf krdo. Agr Taluqat torray to jorr lo. Agr koi tumhein mehroom kre to usy Nawaz do. Agr ksi se Inteqaam lena ho to Dar-Guzr krdo. Ghusse me b asisi baat na kro k baad me Nadamat ho.

Ye ILM hai.
ALLAH Pak Duniya usy b deta hai jise pasand nahi krta.

Lekin
DEEN srif usy hi deta hai jise wo pasand krta hai.

Topic---------------------?
Is composed of 2 words. Is a meaning again, anew or over again. A verb meaning to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe or study thoroughly. Is to Explore new ideas new things. Is big Intervention.

Learning Objectives
Introduction to Research

Characteristics of Good Research

Decision Making Process

Formulating Research Problem

Types of Research

Research Process
Specific

Qualities of a Good RESEARCHER

Research-oriented Efficient Scientific Effective Active Resourceful Creative Honest Economical Religious

What It Takes?
Creativity Open mind Curiosity Positive Attitude Discipline and focus

Why Study Research?

The study of research methods provides us with the knowledge and skills we need to solve the problems and meet the challenges of a fastpaced decision-making environment.

Definition of Research :
Research is a systematic activity to achieve the truth. OR Research is an organized, systematic data-based, objective, scientific enquiry/investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it. OR Research is a procedure of collection of data, analyzing the data and finding the conclusions.

The Hourglass of Research

Characteristics of Good Research

Purpose clearly identified. Research process detailed. Research design thoroughly planned. High ethical standards applied. Limitation revealed. Adequate analysis for decision makers needs. Findings presented . Conclusions justified.

What Is Good Research?

Good research generates dependable data, being derived by practices that are conducted professionally and that can be used reliably for managerial decision making. In contrast, poor research is carelessly planned and conducted, resulting in data that a manager cant use to reduce his or her decision-making risks. Good research follows the standards of the scientific method.

The Manager-Researcher Relationship

Managers Obligations
Specify problems Provide adequate background information

Researchers Obligations
Develop a creative research design Provide answers to important business questions

Decision Making
Decision Making in industry is now a popular subject for discussion and research.

Recognizing that the wrong decision may cost thousands, sometimes even millions of pounds, top management is searching for ways of improving its score of bulls eyes.

An Introduction to Decision Making Process (DMP) the variables related to each phase of the process of making decision, such as: (i) Rational decision making/ management science/managerial economics: decision making based on the scientific method. (ii) behavioral decision making: decision making based on human behavior.

Decision Making level

Formulating Research Problem

The formulation of the problem is often more essential than its solution.

Albert Einstein

Starting Off
What is your research about?
General

Research Interest
Research Topic
Research Problem
Research Purpose

Specific

Research Question

Distinguishing the Research Problem From Other Research Steps

Differences Among Topic, Problem, Purpose and Questions
Topic

General

A research topic is the broad subject matter or interest being addressed in a study.

Specific

Research A research problem is a specific issue or concern to be studied. Problem A purpose is the major intent or objective of the study Why should you do it? Purpose Statement Research questions are questions the researcher would like specifically answered or addressed in the study. Research Question

Examples
General

Topic

Employee Turnover

Research Problem Purpose Statement

Why Employee leave the organizations. To determine factors To increase employees turnover rate.
Which factors play an important role in the increasing employees turnover rate in Pakistan Pharmaceutical industry ?

Specific

Research Question

Research questions some ACRONYM Checklists

B E T T E R research questions S M A R T E R research questions

R O M A N T I C research questions!

B E T T E R research questions

B - Biting/having bite
E - Engaging

T - Targeted (i.e. focussed at a gap, issue etc)

T - Timely (the moment is right!) E - Ethical R - Reputation enhancing

S M A R T E R research questions
S - Significant M Motivating/Motivational

A - Addressable/Answerable
R - Relevant (to today/tomorrow, the field) T - Targeted (i.e. focussed at a gap, issue, idea) E - Ethical R - Replicable/Repeatable

R O M A N T I C research questions R - Relevant O - Original M - Motivational and Manageable

A - Addressable/Answerable
N - Novel in some way (if not entirely Original)

T - Timely (the moment is right!)

I - Inspiring/inspirational/incisive C Cutting a distinctive path

Types of research
Research can be classified from three perspectives: 1. Application of the research study; 2. Objectives in understanding the research; 3. Inquiry mode employed.

Types of research
Types of research

From the viewpoint of

Application Pure research Objectives Exploratory research Inquiry mode

Correlation research

Quantitative research Qualitative research

Applied research

Application Research

Pure research:

It is concerned with the development, examination, verification and refinement of research methods, procedures, techniques and tools that forms the body of research methodology. Attempts to expand the limits of knowledge. Not directly involved in the solution to a practical problem.

Applied Research:

To solve a current problem faced by the manager in the work setting, demanding a timely solution. about various aspects of a situation, issues, problems or phenomenon. Conducted when a decision must be made about a specific real-life problem

Objective Research Exploratory Research

This is when a study is undertaken with the objective either to explore new area where little is known or to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular study. When a study is carried out to determine its feasibility it is called a feasibility study or a pilot study.

Correlation Research
It is the study to discover or establish the existence of a Relationship/interdependence between two or more Aspects or Variable of a situation. Example: 1. What is the impact of an advertising campaign on a sale of a product? 2. What is the relationship between technology and unemployment?

Inquiry Mode Research Comparison

Quantitative

Qualitative

Explanation, prediction Test theories Known variables Large sample Standardized instruments Deductive

Explanation, description Build theories Unknown variables Small sample Observations, interviews Inductive

Main Steps in Quantitative Research:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Theory Hypothesis Research design Measures of concepts Select research site(s) Select research subjects/respondents Administer research instruments/ collect data 8. Process data 9. Analyse data 10. Write up findings and conclusions

Main Steps in Qualitative Research:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. General research question Select relevant sites and subjects Collection of relevant data Interpretation of data Conceptual and theoretical work Specification of the research question Collection of further data Conceptual and theoretical work Write up findings

Examples of Quantitative Research Methods:

Experiments Social surveys Content Analysis Secondary Statistical Analysis Official Statistics Demography Field stimulations Structured Interviews and Observation.

Examples of Qualitative Research Methods :

In-depth Interviews Focus Groups Field Research Historical-Comparative Research Media Analysis

Business Research Defined

Business research is defined as the systematic and objective process of generating information for aid in making business decisions.

Business Research Types

Basic research
Applied research

Research can be undertaken for two

different purposes.
Applied Research: to solve a current

problem faced by the manager in the work setting, demanding a timely solution. Conducted when a decision must be made about a specific real-life problem For example: particular product may not be selling well and the manager might want to find the reasons for this in order to take corrective action.

Basic Research
Attempts to expand the limits of knowledge. Not directly involved in the solution to a practical problem.

steps in formulating A research problem

The research process

Research design
Methods and tools of Data collection

Methods of data processing; Use of computers and statistics

Literature review

Sampling theory And design

Principles of Scientific writing

Formulating A research problem

Research design

Instrument for data collection

Selecting a sample

Writing a Research proposal

Collecting data

Processing data

Writing a Research report

Study design

Field test of The research tool

Editing Of the data

Coding

Variables and hypotheses

Validity and reliability Of the research tool

Developing A code book

Operational steps
Required theoretical knowledge
Required Intermediary knowledge

Contents of the Research proposal

What

How

Conducting of the study

Scientific Research
The analysis and interpretation of empirical evidence (facts from observation or experimentation) to confirm or disprove prior/past conceptions. Major elements of Scientific Research: 1: Purpose. 2: Testability. 3: Replicability. 4: Precision. 5: Confidence Level. 6: Objectivity. 7: Generalizability.

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