n mn kim loi

I.S n mn kim loi

1. Khi nim
n mn kim loi l s ph hu kim loi (hp
kim) di tc dng ho hc ca mi trng.

Bn cht ca s n mn kim loi:

M ne Mn+

2. Phn loi:
n

mn ho hc
n mn in ho

Mai:

II. n mn ho hc
1.nh ngha:

L s ph hu kim loi hay( hp kim) bng cc

phn ng ho hc do kim loi tip xc vi kh
hoc hi nc nhit cao.
V d:
*Al b oxi ho bi oxi khng kh.
4Al + 3O2 = Al2O3.
*St b g khi tip xc vi hi nc
nhit cao:

Fe + H2O

to > 570 oC

FeO + H2

II. n mn ho hc
2. c im :
- Ch xy ra cc phn ng ho hc
n gin.
- Khng pht sinh dng in.
- Nhit mi trng cng cao
th tc n mn ho hc cng
ln.

III. n mn in ho
1. nh ngha:
L s ph hu kim loi hay hp kim do
kim loi tip xc vi dung dch in li
v c pht sinh dng in.
V d:
- V tu chm trong nc, kim loi tip
xc vi khng kh m

2. Th nghim v n mn in ho
Th nghim 1

Thi im ban u

Sau 1 thi gian th

nghim

Nhn xt:

Thanh km b n mn lin tc v rt nhanh.

Kim vn k lch chng t trong mch c

dng in.

Bt kh hidro thot ra.

Gii thch:

3. iu kin c n mn in
honghim 1:
Th
Thay l ng bng l km:

Hai kim loi phi khc nhau.(1)

Th nghim 2:
B dy dn:

Hai kim loi tip xc

vi nhau:

=> Cc kim loi phi ni tip vi nhau qua dy

dn hoc tip xc trc tip vi nhau.(2)

Th nghim 3:
* Thay dung dch in li bng dung dch khng
in ly

dung dch
khng in
ly
=> Cc in cc cng
tip xc vi dung dch
cht in li.(3)

iu kin c n mn in ho

Cc in cc phi khc nhau: cp

kim loi khc nhau, cp kim loi phi
kim, cp kim loi hp cht ho hc
Cc in cc phi tip xc vi nhau (
hoc trc tip hoc gin tip qua dy
dn).
Cc in cc cng tip xc vi dung
dich cht in li.

V d 1:

Gii thch ti sao gang v thp b n

mn trong khng kh m.

Gi :
Gang v thp l hp kim ca Fe v C.
Khng kh m l dung dch in ly v: Hi
nc trong khng kh ho tan 1 s oxit axit nh

4. C ch n mn in ho

Xt c ch n mn vt bng gang hoc th

* Cc m(Fe):
Feo - 2e = Fe2+
Fe2+ - 1e = Fe3+
Ti y tip tc xy ra
phn ng ho hc gia
cc cht trong dung
dch vi cc ion st

* Cc dng(C,C3Fe):
Xy ra qu trnh kh

2 H+ + 2e = H2
(MT axit )

2 H2O + O2 + 4e = 4 OH (MT kim , trung tnh)

Phiu hc tp s 1
Quan st c ch ca s n mn gang, thp v cho bit:
1. Dng e di chuyn theo chiu no, t xc nh cc in
cc: cc m..., cc dng.
2. Cc qu trnh xy ra ti cc in cc:
a. ti cc m ----------------------------------------------------------------b. ti cc dng -----------------------------------------------------------------2. Qu trnh trn c ging vi qu trnh xy ra khi cho 1 thanh Fe
vo dung dich axit HCl khng? (lu s khc nhau gia s trao
i e trong 2 trng hp).Nu khc th khc ch no? (lu
s khc nhau gia s trao i e trong 2 trng hp)
.
.

Phiu hc tp s 2
Vit c ch ca s n mn 1 vt lm t ng v km
trong khng kh m
1. Xc nh cc in cc
Cc m l:.
Cc dng l
V l do.
2. Cc phn ng xy ra trn cc in cc:
Cc m..
Cc dng

5.Bn cht n mn in ho

L mt qu trnh oxi ho kh xy ra trn b

mt cc in cc, c pht sinh ra dng
in.
Cc m:
+ L kim loi mnh nht trong vt liu.
+ Ti y xy ra qu trnh oxi ho kim loi.
Cc dng:
+L phn cn li ca vt liu.
+Ti y xy ra qu trnh kh cc ion hoc nc

IV. Cch chng n mn kim

loi
*Nguyn tc chung:
Hn ch hoc trit tiu nh hng ca
mi trng
vi kim loi.

*Cc phng php:

Cch ly kim loi vi mi trng
2. Dng hp kim chng g (inox).
3. Dng cht chng n mn.
4. Dng phng php in ho.
1.

1. Cch ly kim loi vi mi trng

Dng cc cht bn vi mi trng ph ln
b mt kim loi.
a) Cc loi sn chng g, vecni, du m,
men, hp cht polime
b) Mt s kim loi Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn..
c) Mt s hp cht ho hc bn: oxit
kim loi, photphat kim loi (to mng).

2. Dng hp kim chng g

V d:
Inox:
Hp kim ca Fe_Cr_Ni, kh b n mn
trong cc mi trng.

3. Dng cht chng n mn.

V d:
Urotrophin: lm cho b mt kim loi
th ng vi axit.

4. Dng phng php in ho.

* Xem xt v d

Nguyn tc: Gn vt cn bo v vi
kim loi khc mnh hn (kim loi mnh
hn s b n mn trc).

V d 2:
Hin tng g s xy ra khi vt bng
st trng (m) thic hoc st trng
(m) km trong khng kh m .Gii
thch?
Gi : So snh tnh kh ca cc kim loi
(xem dy th in ho ca cc kim
loi)
*Li gii:

V d :
Gn cc tm km
vo pha ngoi v
tu bin bng thp
(phn chm trong nc bin).

V. Bi tp cng c
Bi 1:
C 2 ng nghim u cha dung dch
H2SO4 long. Cho thm vo mi ng
nghim mt vin Zn; sau nh thm
vi git dung dch CuSO4 vo mt ng
nghim
So snh hin tng xy ra hai ng
nghim v gii thch.
p n:

ng 1: Zn + H2SO4
ng 2:Zn + H2SO4 + CuSO4
Hin tng:
c hai ng,vin km tan dn, v c kh
H2 thot ra
ng 2 kh H2 thot ra mnh lit hn.

Gii thch:
ng th 2 c s to thnh pin in
ho Zn-Cu. Do Zn (cc m) b n mn
nhanh hn.

Bi 2:
Mt si dy ng ni tip vi mt si
dy nhm ngoi tri. Hy cho bit
hin tng g xy ra ch ni ca 2 kim
loi.
Gii thch v cho li khuyn.
p n

 ch ni ca 2 kim loi xy ra hin tng n

mn in ho.

Cc m(Al): Al 3e Al3+

Cc dng(Cu): 2H+ +2e H2

Kt qu:
Sau mt thi gian dy nhm b n
mn v t.
V vy, tt nht nn ni nhng on
dy cng cht vi nhau hn ch
s n mn in ho.

Phiu hc tp s 1
Trong nhng hin tng sau u l hin tung n
mn in ho:
1.St b g khi trong khng kh m
2.Thanh nhm b ph lp oxit bn ngoi khi trong
khng kh
3.St to g khi tip xc hi nc nhit cao
4Cc ng dn kh Clo trong cc nh my sn xut
5Con ta b g do chm trong nc bin

Phiu hc tp s 2

So snh nhng im khc nhau v ging nhau

gia cc phn ng oxi ho kh thng thng v
phn ng oxi ho kh xy ra trong pin in.
Ging nhau ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Khc nhau--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------