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Fig. 1.3a
Fig. 1.3b
Characteristics of Life
1. Organization: all parts of an organism interact to 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
perform specific functions Metabolism: the chemical and physical changes taking place in an organism Responsiveness: adjustments that maintain their internal environment Growth: increase in size of all or part of the organism Development: changes an organism undergoes through time Reproduction: formation of new cells or new organisms
Homeostasis
Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
set point is the ideal normal value (body temperature)
normal range is the fluctuation around set point
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is maintained by negative and positive feedback mechanisms
Negative feedback turns off the original stimulus
Positive feedback enhances and up-regulates the initial stimulus (is usually harmful to the body)
Fig. 1.11
Fig. 1.12
Body Planes
Sagittal plane: divides the body into left and right parts Transverse plane: divides the body into superior and inferior parts Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Fig. 1.13
Organ Planes
Longitudinal section: along its long axis Cross (transverse) section: right angle to the long axis Oblique section: across the long axis at an angle other than a right angle
Fig. 1.14
Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity: bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm Abdominal cavity: bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles Pelvic cavity: surrounded by the pelvic bones
Fig. 1.15
Serous Membranes
Parietal membrane: lines the wall of the cavity Visceral membrane: is in contact with the internal organs Serous fluid: secreted by the serous membrane and protects organs against friction
Serous Membranes
Pericardial cavity: surrounds the heart
Serous Membranes
Peritoneal cavity: surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs
Mesenteries hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs Retroperitoneal organs are located behind the parietal peritoneum