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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE INTERFACE STANDARD Requirements for the control of Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics of Subsystems & Equipment
MIL-461A 1968
MIL-461B 1980
MIL-461C 1986
MIL-461D 1993
MIL-461E 1999
MIL-461F 2007
Not for entire platforms Tailoring of requirements allowed CE / CS / RE / RS requirements Test setup boundary : EUT & 2m leads Switching transients due manually actuated switching functions are exempt
Orientation of EUTs
Which produce max RE Bench mounted 10+/-2cm from edge of ground plane
Interconnecting leads
Lengths same as actual installation If greater than 10 m at least 10 m used First 2 m run parallel to front boundary of setup Individual cables separated min 2 cm 5 cm above ground plane
Mechanical o/ps
Loaded suitably (worst case)
Sufficient modes (software controlled) tested Rationale for mode selection included in TP
Operating Frequency
Not less than 3 freq in each band
Mid band +/- 5 % from end of bands
FH (min 30% hop set used) DS (at highest possible data transfer rate)
Emission Tests
Susceptibility Tests
Requirements Matrix
CE102
Concept
In lower frequency portion
to ensure that the EUT does not corrupt the power quality (allowable voltage distortion) on the power buses present on the platform
power quality documents : MIL-STD-704 for aircraft, MIL-STD-1399 for ships, MIL-STD-1539 for space systems, and MIL-STD-1275 for military vehicles
At higher frequencies
CE102 limit serves as a separate control from RE102 on potential radiation from power leads that may couple into sensitive antennaconnected receivers CE102 limit should not radiate above the RE102 limit
RE = (x-40) dBmV/m, where x is CE voltage in dBmV E.g. if signal level 60 dBmV on the lead, detected electric field is approx 20 dBmV/m
Upper frequency 10 MHz due to allowable 2.5 meter length of power lead in the test setup approaching resonance
If tailoring done to impose the requirement at higher frequencies, test setup should be modified for CE102 to shorten the allowable length of the power leads
CE102 Limit
CE106
For equipment using waveguide
not applicable below eight-tenths of the waveguide's cutoff frequency
CE106 Limits
Equipment Limit
Receivers
34 dBV
34 dBV
Harmonics, except the second and third, and all other spurious emissions shall be at least 80 dB down from the level at the fundamental. The second and third harmonics shall be suppressed 50 + 10 log p (where p = peak power output in watts, at the fundamental) or 80 dB, whichever requires less suppression.
If EUT is DC operated
30 Hz to 150 kHz
If EUT is AC operated
From second harmonic of the EUT power frequency to 150 kHz
CS101
Concept
to ensure equipment performance is not degraded from ripple voltages associated with allowable distortion of power source voltage waveforms series injection technique
voltage dropping across the impedance of the EUT power input circuitry
limits are based on a review of the power quality standards with emphasis toward the spectral content curves present in MIL-STD-704
voltage amplitude specified approx 6 dB above typical power quality limits
CS101 Limit
voltage limit
CS101 Limit
power (into 0.5 ohm load) limit
CS103 Setup
CE104 Setup
CS105 Setup
Handheld equipment is exempt to ensure that equipment does not respond to magnetic fields caused by currents flowing in platform structure and through EUT housing materials
CS109 Setup
CS109 Limit
CS114 Setup
CS114 calibration
pre-calibrated signal having rise and fall times, pulse width, and amplitude as specified in Figure CS115-1 at a 30 Hz rate for one minute to protect equipment from fast rise and fall time transients due to
platform switching operations and lightning and electromagnetic pulse
CS115 waveform
CS115 Setup
CS116, conducted susceptibility, damped sinusoidal transients, cables and power leads, 10 kHz to 100 MHz
interconnecting cables, including power cables, and individual high side power leads
Power returns and neutrals need not be tested individually
signal having the waveform shown in Figure CS116-1 and having a maximum current as specified in Figure CS116-2
In entire freq range At minimum on : 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 30, and 100 MHz Other freq: platform resonance frequencies Signal repetition rate shall be no greater than one pulse per second and no less than one pulse every two seconds
applied for a period of five minutes
CS116
To simulate electrical current and voltage waveforms occurring in platforms from excitation of natural resonances Damped Sine Waveform is commonly due to
lightning and electromagnetic pulse and platform electrical switching phenomena
cable itself resonating or voltage and current drives resulting from other resonances on the platform
CS116 Waveform
CS116 Limits
CS116 Setup
RE101
RS101 is a complimentary requirement Magnetic fields induce voltages into loop areas in accordance with Faradays law (proportional to freq, magnetic flux density & loop area)
Navy limit is based on preventing induction of
> 0.5 microvolts in an RG-264A/U transmission line (loop area of 0.65 sq inches) with a maximum induced level of 4 microvolts at 60 Hz
RE101 Limit
RE101 Setup
RE102
Antennas used
10 kHz to 30 MHz: 104 cm rod with impedance matching network
When impedance matching network includes a preamplifier (active rod), observe the overload precautions Use a square counterpoise measuring at least 60 cm on a side.
30 MHz to 200 MHz: Biconical, 137 cm tip to tip 200 MHz to 1 GHz: Double ridge horn, 69.0 by 94.5 cm opening 1 GHz to 18 GHz: Double ridge horn, 24.2 by 13.6 cm opening
RE102
Test Setup
EUT orientation producing maximum radiated emissions toward the front edge of the test setup boundary electrically bond the rod antenna counterpoise to the ground plane (max DC resistance 2.5 m) Antennas 1 meter from the front edge of the test setup boundary no part of any antenna < 1 meter from the walls and < 0.5 meter from the ceiling
RE102
No. of antenna positions
below 200 MHz (radiations most likely originating from EUT cabling)
For setups with the side edges of the boundary 3 m
One, centered with respect to the side edges of the boundary
200 MHz up to 1 GHz (radiation mostly from EUT apertures and portions of cabling close to EUT)
Sufficient number of positions such that
entire width of each EUT enclosure and the first 35 cm of cables and leads interfacing with the EUT are within the 3 dB beamwidth of the antenna
RE102
Concept
Intent is to protect sensitive receivers from interference coupled through the associated antennas
Many tuned receivers have sensitivities of the order of 1 mV And are connected with efficient antennas
RE102 Limit
Surface Ships
RE102 Limit
Submarines
RE102 Limit
Aircraft & Space systems
RE102 Limit
Ground systems
RE103, radiated emissions, antenna spurious and harmonic outputs, 10 kHz to 40 GHz
an alternative for CE106 when testing transmitters with their intended antennas
CE106 is preferred (RE103 not req for standby mode) not applicable within the EUT necessary bandwidth and within 5 percent of the fundamental frequency For equipment using waveguide
does not apply below eight-tenths of the waveguide's cutoff frequency
Operating Frequency Range (EUT) 10 kHz to 3 MHz 3 MHz to 300 MHz 300 MHz to 3 GHz 3 GHz to 40 GHz Start Frequency of Test 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz End Frequency of Test 40 GHz or 20 times the highest generated frequency within the EUT, whichever is less
RE103 Limits
Harmonics, except the second and third, and all other spurious emissions shall be
at least 80 dB down from the level at the fundamental
RE103
Must be performed in the far-field of the transmitting frequency Far-field test distance
R = distance between transmitter antenna and receiver antenna D = maximum physical dimension of transmitter antenna d = maximum physical dimension of receiver antenna = wavelength of frequency of the transmitter Freq </= 1.24 GHz, the greater distance of Freq > 1.24 GHz
RS101
RE101 is a complimentary requirement Simulates magnetic field radiation from power distribution components (transformers and cables)
30 Hz to 2 kHz : worst case magnetic field radiation from a power transformer (~170 dBpT) and applicable cable types > 2 kHZ : measured magnetic field environment of Navy platforms
RS101 Setup
Applicable to
Frequency ranges
2 MHz to 30 MHz : Navy (except aircraft); Army aircraft and optional for all others 30 MHz to 1 GHz : all 1 GHz to 18 GHz : all 18 GHz to 40 GHz : optional for all
Polarisation
Upto 30 MHz : vertical Above 30 MHz : both vertical & horizontal Circular polarisation not acceptable
RS103
Concept
Simulates fields generated by antenna transmissions both by onboard & external transmitters
Verifies EUT can withstand these fields w/o degradation
No implied relationship with RE102 Limits specified based on levels expected on different platforms
RS103
Calibration / Test Setup
For calibration
2 MHz to 1 GHz : Electric Field sensors Above 1 GHz : Field sensors or receive antennas
RS103
Test Setup
Placement of antennas
1 m from EUT boundary (all enclosures + 2 m leads) 2 MHz to 200 MHz
3 m EUT boundary : Centre antenna between edges Greater than 3 m: N antenna positions (N = boundary / 3)
Above 1 GHz
Entire width of each EUT enclosure & first 7 cm of cables are within 3 dB beamwidth of antenna
RS103
Multiple test antenna locations above 200 MHz
RS103
Multiple test antenna locations N locations, D > 3m
RS103
Receive antenna procedure 1 - 40 GHz
RS103 Limits
Test signal having the waveform and amplitude shown on Figure RS105-1
At least five pulses shall be applied at the rate of not more than one pulse per minute
To withstand the fast rise time, free field, transient environment of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP)
RS105
Largest EUT dimension should be no more than a third of the dimension between the radiating plates of the simulator
EUT not to distort field
RS105 Waveform
Important Notes
Test Plan be vetted by NEC(MB)
All applicable tests are covered Navy / surface ships related tests & limits are used All equipment cabinets/cables are tested All modes of equipment functioning are used
Tests to be repeated if any design change carried out EMI control measures undertaken to pass tests should be
incorporated in documents / drawings and checked in QA inspection