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OVARIAN CANCER TREATMENT IN INDIA

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women, and it causes more deaths than any other type of female reproductive cancer.

It is a disease produced by the rapid growth and division of cells within one or both ovaries-reproductive glands in which eggs, and the female sex hormones are made. The ovaries contain cells that, under normal circumstances, reproduce to maintain tissue health. When growth control is lost and cells divide too much and too fast, a cellular mass or tumor is formed. If the tumor is confined to a few cell layers, for example, surface cells, and it does not invade surrounding tissues or organs, it is considered benign. If the tumor spreads to surrounding tissues or organs, it is considered malignant, or cancerous. When cancerous cells break away from the original tumor, travel through the blood or lymphatic vessels, and grow within other parts of the body, the process is known as metastasis. Ovarian cancer is not a single disease. There are actually more than 30 types and subtypes of ovarian malignancies, each with its own histopathology appearance and biologic behavior.

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Causes of OVARIAN CANCER

The exact cause of ovarian cancer isnt known. Its more common in women who live in developed countries. Other factors that are thought to make ovarian cancer more likely include: a family history of ovarian cancer women who have two or more close relatives (mother, sister or daughter) with ovarian cancer are more at risk. having a non-cancerous condition called endometriosis. starting your period early and having the menopause late.

The causes of ovarian cancer are not known

Some factors that may increase the risk of ovarian cancer aged 50 years and above ,family history of ovarian cancer or breast cancer , having had cancer before (e.g., breast, uterine) inherited gene mutation having never been pregnant ,obesity , use of hormone replacement therapy for more than 5 years, especially if using estrogen only

Symptoms and Complications of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer often goes undiagnosed until it reaches an advanced stage, primarily because symptoms are not common in the early stages and when they do occur, the symptoms may be general and non-specific. Symptoms of ovarian cancer can include: abdominal discomfort abnormal vaginal bleeding backache bloating or increase in abdominal size changes in bowel movements (e.g., constipation) fatigue feeling full earlier than normal after eating frequent urination gas indigestion loss of appetite pain during sexual intercourse pelvic pain upset stomach weight loss or gain These symptoms appear commonly and may be normal or can be associated with a variety of other conditions, but if they persist, talk to your doctor.

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TREATMENT OF OVARIAN CANCER in India

Treatment There are three main forms of treatment for ovarian cancer offered in India : 1. Surgery to remove cancerous tissue. 2. Chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells using strong anti-cancer drugs. 3. Radiotherapy to destroy cancer cells by high-energy radiation exposure. There are also many combinations of these treatment methods and it is usually worthwhile to get a second opinion about treatment before entering into a specific program. Treatment depends upon a number of factors (e.g., stage and grade of the disease, the histopathology type, and the patients age and overall health).

Surgery for Ovarian Cancer in India

Surgery usually is required to treat ovarian cancer. Most patients undergo surgery in addition to another form of treatment (e.g., chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy). Surgery helps the physician to accurately stage the tumor, make a diagnosis, and perform debulking (removal of as much tumor mass as possible). Debulking surgery is especially important in ovarian cancer because aggressive removal of cancerous tissue is associated with improved survival. Patients with no residual tumor mass, or tumor masses that measure less than 1 cm, have the best opportunity for cure.

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The surgeon usually performs a laparotomy (through an abdominal incision) or laparoscopy (using a tube containing a light and camera that is inserted into the pelvic cavity through a small incision). A sample of the tumor (called a frozen section) is examined immediately under a microscope to confirm ovarian cancer and rule out metastasis from another site. If the cancer is a metastasis from another organ, the surgeon searches for the primary tumor within the abdominal cavity.

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Once ovarian cancer is confirmed, a total hysterectomy (removal of the uterus [womb], bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries on both sides), omentectomy (removal of the fatty tissue that covers the bowels), lymphadenectomy (removal of one or more lymph nodes) may be performed. Tissue removed during debulking is sent for histopathological examination.

Chemotherapy for Ovarian Cancer in India

Chemotherapy involves using drugs to destroy cancer cells. Many of these drugs destroy cancer cells by preventing them from growing and dividing rapidly. Unfortunately, many normal cells also divide rapidly and are damaged by chemotherapy.

Radiation for Ovarian Cancer in India

Radiotherapy may be used to kill cancer cells from a cyst that ruptures during surgical removal of an ovary, or it may be used to treat certain patients who appear cancer-free or who have only microscopic evidence of disease at second-look surgery. It is historically the treatment of choice for germ cell tumors known as dysgerminomas. However, recently it has been found that chemotherapy can cure a percentage of such patients

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