Dept.

of CSE, KUET

Control Logic Design

Introduction Possible configurations for a control unit Control logic design with specific examples

Dept. of CSE, KUET

Introduction
Control over a system is mandatory
Control is require for any vehicle, from bicycles to aircrafts Control signals are essential in any digital system (DS)
Binary information of a DS can be either data or control information Data-> Discrete elements of information that are manipulated by microoperations Control information-> The signals for specifying the sequence of microoperations.

The logic design of a DS =

Derive digital circuits that performs data processing + Derive digital circuits that provide control signals

Dept. of CSE, KUET

Introduction
Data processor
A general-purpose processing unit Consists of individual registers and associated digital functions

Control Logic
Generates the signals for sequencing the microoperations Sequential circuit whose internal states dictate the control functions At any given time the state of the sequential control initiates a prescribed set of microoperations.

Control logic provides a time sequence of signals for initiating the microoperations in the data-processor.

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Control Organization
Control is a sequential circuit can be designed by a sequential logic procedure but impractical because of large number of states.
The goal of control logic design is the development of a circuit that implements the desired control sequence in a logical and straight forward manner. Control logic design is the extension of sequential logic method combined with the register-transfer method.

Four methods of control organization

1. One flip-flop per state method

2. Sequence register and decoder method 3. PLA control 4. Microprogram control

Use SSI and MSI and called hard-wired control

Use LSI device such as PLA or ROM

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One Flip-Flop per State Method

Only one flip-flop is set at any particular time
Uses maximum number of flip-flops.
Advantage is the simplicity. Savings in design effort It converts to a shift register when does not need external inputs for sequencing. It reduces to ring counter when control sequence repeats over time. It sometimes called ring-counter controller.

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Sequence Register and Decoder Method

Uses a register to sequence the control states and the register is decodes to provide one output for each state

For n flip-flops in the sequence register, it will give 2n using n x 2n decoder. It sometimes called counter-decoder because it continuously sequences when does not need external inputs.

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PLA Control
PLA contains all combinational circuits including the decoder and the decision logic

Sequence register is external to the PLA when it has only combinational circuits.

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Microprogram Control
Control unit initiates a series of sequential steps of microoperations.

The control variables at any given time can be represented by a strings of 1s and 0s called a control word.
A control unit whose control variables are stored in a memory is called a microprogrammed control unit. Each word of memory is called a microinstruction.

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Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)

Five consecutive steps of the design:

1. Statement of the problem 2. Equipment configuration 3. Derivation of the algorithm 4. Specify data processor

5. Design control logic

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Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)

1. Statement of the problem

Addition and subtraction of two binary numbers represented in signmagnitude form.

2. Equipment configuration

n-1 bit

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Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control) 3. Derivation of the algorithm

For signed A and B eight different conditions: ( A ) ( B )
Subtraction is signed changed addition Need to implement four conditions : ( A ) + ( B )

Having same sign

(+ A) + (+ B) = + (A + B) (- A) + (- B) = - (A + B) Add the magnitude and sign is same.

Having different sign

if A=>B (+ A) + (- B) (- A) + (+ B) = + (A - B) = - (A - B) if A<B = - (B - A) = + (B - A)

Subtract smaller one from the larger one and resulting sign is the sign of the larger one.

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Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)

Having same sign

(+ A) + (+ B) = + (A + B) (- A) + (- B) = - (A + B) Add the magnitude and sign is same.

Having different sign

if A=>B if A<B (+ A) + (- B) = + (A - B) = - (B - A) (- A) + (+ B) = - (A - B) = + (B - A) Subtract smaller one from the larger one and resulting sign is the sign of the larger one.

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Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control) System block diagram

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Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control) Control State Diagram

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Development of a Design Algorithm (Hard-wired Control)

Design of Hard-wired Control

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Design of a Microprogram Controller

for Sing-Magnitude Addition and Subtraction

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Contents

Problem Statement Flowchart , State Diagram & Sequence of Microoperations Microprogram Controller Design Conclusions

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Sign-Magnitude Addition and Subtraction

For signed A and B eight different conditions: ( A ) ( B )
Subtraction is signed changed addition Need to implement four conditions : ( A ) + ( B )

Having same sign

(+ A) + (+ B) = + (A + B) (- A) + (- B) = - (A + B) Add the magnitude and sign is same.

Having different sign

if A=>B (+ A) + (- B) (- A) + (+ B) = + (A - B) = - (A - B) if A<B = - (B - A) = + (B - A)

Subtract smaller one from the larger one and resulting sign is the sign of the larger one.

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Flowchart , State Diagram & Sequence of Microoperations

Need to Design a Microprogram Controller

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Microprogram Control
In a Microprogram Controller Control variables are stored in memory, usually ROM. After each operation control unit must determine its next address. Contain additional bits with bits for microoperations and a special circuit.

A microinstruction =

bits for initiating microoperations +

bits to determine next address.
Microprogram controller is efficient for large and/or complicated system

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Require Capabilities

1. Provision to recognize signals (qa or qs).

2. Provision for consecutive addresses.

external

sequencing

3. Provision for choosing addresses based on status variables S and E.

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Block Diagram

Recognize qa or qs.

Sequencing consecutive addresses

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The Microprogram

Load External Address

S=1

E=1

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Conclusions

Sign-magnitude addition & subtraction is explained with four operations. A microprogram controller is designed for the operations. In the controller, a control instruction is a part of a microinstruction and the microinstructions are stored in a ROM.

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Design of Microprogram Controller

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The Microprogram Controller for Addition and Subtraction

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A general-purpose configuration is require for a wide variety of situations.

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A General-Purpose Microprogram Control Unit

Requirements:
Have a large control memory
Include all possible control variables Initiate many operations

Why 26 bits word?

16 bits for microinstruction 6 bits for 64 words

C -> Carry Z -> Zero S -> Sign V -> Overflow

1 bit for external address

3 bits for 8 status bits

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Counting the Number of 1s in a register

Set processor register R2 with number of 1s in register R1

If R1=00110101 then R2 will be 100 (4 in binary )

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Microprogram

The microprogram method sometimes referred as firmware

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Multiplication of two fixed-point binary numbers

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Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Statement of the problem

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Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Statement of the problem

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Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Equipment Configuration

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Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Derivation of Algorithm

AQ <- shr EAQ, E <- 0 means

A <- shr A, Q <- shr Q, Ak <- E, Qk <- A1 , E <- 0

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Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Control Specifications
Derivation of Algorithm

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Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Data-Processor Specification
Derivation of Algorithm

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Sign-magnitude Multiplication
Control Specifications

JK Flip-flop excitation table

Q(t)
0 0 1

Q(t+1)
0 1 0

J
0 1 X

K
X X 1

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Control Circuit for Multiplication with PLA

Any combinational circuit can be replaced by programmable logic array (PLA) Possible to design of a control circuit with a register connected to a PLA.

Control Circuit with PLA

The register operates as a sequence register that determines the state of the control. PLA is programmed to provide the control outputs and the next state for

the sequence register.

PLA method should be used if the state table contains many dont care entries; otherwise, it may be advantageous to use a ROM instead of a PLA.

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Control Circuit for Multiplication with PLA

State Table for PLA

If an input does not influence the next state, it marked it with dont care X.

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Control Circuit for Multiplication with PLA

State Table for PLA

PLA control may be classified as a microprogram control unit with the PLA replacing the ROM for the control memory.

State Table to Program Table Xs in the input columns and 0s in the output columns of state table are changed to dashes in program table. PLA Five inputs and Seven outputs. Seven product terms, one for each row in the state table.