JP Singh and Associates

in association with

Mohamed Ashour, Ph.D., P.E.
Gary Norris, Ph.D., P.E.

March 2004

COMPUTER PROGRAM S-SHAFT FOR
LATERALLY LOADED LARGE DIAMETER
SHORT SHAFTS IN LAYERD SOIL
Workshop Objectives
Why should we use the S-SHAFT program?
Concepts employed in the S-Shaft program
Implementation of the S-Shaft with bridge
foundations
Capabilities of the S-Shaft program
Program validation and WSDOT example
problems
Program demonstration
Future work in the next phase
y
p
(E
s
)
1
P
o
(E
s
)
3
(E
s
)
4
(E
s
)
2
p
p
p
y
y
y
(E
s
)
5
p
y
Laterally Loaded Pile as a Beam
on Elastic Foundation (BEF)
P
P
K
1

K
2

4 ft 4 ft
Effect of Structure Cross-Sectional
Shape on Soil Reaction
(Not Considered in LPILE)
Effect of the Footing Flexural Rigidity (EI) on
the Distribution of the Soil Reaction
(Effect of pile/shaft on soil reaction, i.e. p-y curve,
which is not accounted in the LPILE p-y curve)
q per unit area
B
C
L
q
0.5q
K
r
=
K
r
= 0
Rigid Footing, K
r
=
Flexible Footing, K
r
= 0
Footing
H
(1-v
2
s
) E
P
H
3

6 (1-v
2
P
) E
s
B
3

K
r
=
As presented by Terzaghi (1955) and Vesic (1961)
The traditional p-y curve (in LPILE) does
not account for the pile/shaft EI variation
B
a
s
e
d

o
n

t
h
e

S
t
r
a
i
n


W
e
d
g
e

M
o
d
e
l

A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s

Stif f Pile
Flexible Pile
p-y Curve at a Depth of 1.22 m
Dense Sand
Loose Sand
Ef f ect of Pile Bending Stif f ness on the p-y Curve in Sand
0 40 80 120
Pile Deflection, y, mm
0
100
200
300
400
S
o
i
l
-
P
i
l
e

R
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
,

p
,

k
N

/

m
EI
0.1 EI
Free-Head Pile
Fixed-Head Pile
Effect of Pile-Head Conditions on the p-y Curve in Sand
p-y Curves at 1.22-m Depth
Dense Sand
Loose Sand
0 40 80 120
Pile Deflection, y, mm
0
200
400
600
S
o
i
l
-
P
i
l
e

R
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
,

p
,

k
N

/

m
Pile/shaft-head condition, which is not considered in the traditional p-y curve
(LPILE) has been proven experimentally and shown below by the SW model
A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SW MODEL
AND LPILE COMPUTER PROGRAM
S-SHAFT (SW Model)
p-y curve is based on the
concept of triaxial test and
effective stress analysis, and
local site conditions.

p-y curve is a function of pile
properties such as pile head
fixity, bending stiffness, pile
head embeddment, and pile
cross-section shape.
LPILE
Semi-empirical p-y curve based on
one full scale field test (Mustang
Island test for p-y curve in sand,
Sabine River test for soft clay).

p-y curve accounts for only the pile
width (no pile properties). The p-y
curve is unique in the same soil and
for the same pile width.

P-y curve (i.e. modulus of subgrade reaction, Es) is the key factor
in the analysis of laterally loaded piles
S-SHAFT (SW Model)

p-y curve for liquefiable soils
(completely and partially
liquefied soils).

P-y curve for large diameter
short shaft

P-y curve is affected by the
nonlinear behavior of pile
material (varying EI).

Mobilized group interaction
with no need for assuming any
P-multiplier.

LPILE

No p-y curve in liquefied soil. It
is just a reduction factor based
on soil residual strength

P-y curve for slender long piles


Varying EI has no effect on the
p-y curve.


Empirical P-multiplier with pile
group.

A number of correction factors
Zero Crossing Zero Crossing
Zero Crossing
Y
o

Y
o

Y
o

o
o
o
Long Shaft
L/T > 4
Intermediate Shaft
4 > L/T > 2
Short Shaft
L/T s 2
o
L = SHAFT LENGTH
T = (EI/f )
0.2
f = Coefficient of Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
Varying Deflection Patterns Based on Shaft Type
z
T
y
p
S o i l - S h a f t H o r i z o n t a l R e s i s t a n c e
S o i l - S h a f t S h e a r R e s i s t a n c e
T i p R e a c t i o n D u e t o S h a f t R o t a t i o n
F i g . 2 . A M o d e l f o r A L a t e r a l l y L o a d e d D r i l l e d S h a f t ( S h o r t o r I n t e r m e d i a t e )
N e g l e c t e d w i t h L o n g S h a f t s
LARGE DIAMETER SHORT SHAFT

Elements Required to
Analyze the Large
Diameter Shaft:

Vertical side shear
Sand, Clay, C- Soil, Rock

T-Z Curve
Sand, Clay, C- Soil, Rock

Tip Resistance

Material Modeling

Soil Liquefaction

P
o

M
o

P
v

Z
S o i l - S h a f t S i d e S h e a r R e s i s t a n c e
T
P
o

o
M
o

o
P
v

y
F
P

v
v
M
t

F
v

F
P

F
P

F
v

F
v

V
t

F
t

SHORT SHAFT MODELING
Deformations in soil layers around an axially loaded shafts
Q
o

Q
T

Sheared soil layers
Loading Direction u
q
X
X
Vert. Shear Stress distribution
Shaft Cross Section
Shaft Vertical Displacement, Z
S
h
e
a
r

S
t
r
e
s
s
,

T

T-Z curve
t
o

t
n
Shaft
r
o

r
n

r
n +
m

Displacement, z
z
max

Distance
t
n +
m
z
n

Z
n +
m

Shear Stress, t
Vertical Shear Stress
Shaft Cross Section
The Basic Strain Wedge Model in Uniform Soil
Program Capabilities
Analysis of short shafts under lateral and axial
loads based on soil-shaft-interaction in sand, clay,
c-| soil and rock
(deflection, moment, shear force, line load and
excess water pressure)
p-y curve based on soil and shaft properties
Effect of nonlinear behavior of shaft
material on the p-y curve
Vertical side shear resistance
p-y curve in liquefied soil
Mobilized t-z curve and shaft base resistance
Program Capabilities
Shaft group (one row) with/without cap effect
Shaft classification (short / intermediate/long)
and varying cross section
Isolated shaft-head or shaft group stiffnesses matrix
(K11, K22, K33, K44, K55, K66)
Shaft Axial response (Load vs. Settlement)

COMPARISONS WITH FIELD TESTS
8-ft Diameter Shaft
Table 7 - Soil Profile for the Las Vegas Test
Soil layer Soil type Thickness (ft)
(pcf) | (deg.) k (pci)
Layer 1 Sand 2.5 120 33 15
Layer 2 Sand 6.5 120 37 30
Layer 3 Sand 3.0 120 32 11
Layer 4 Sand 1.5 120 36 26
Layer 5 Sand 7.5 120 45 62
Layer 6 Sand 2.0 120 40 43
Layer 7 Sand 3.5 120 45 63
Layer 8 Sand 6.0 120 40 44
Layer 9 Sand 1.0 120 32 10
Layer 10 Sand 2.0 120 37 32
Table 8 Comparison of Measured Shaft Head Deflection and S-Shaft and FLPIER/COM624P Predictions for Las
Vegas Test
Load
(kips)
Actual shaft-head deflection,
Yo, in
S-Shaft Deflection,
Yo, in.
FLPIER/COM624 Deflection,
Yo, in
50 0.02 0.02 0.201
100 0.04 .05 0.402
150 0.07 .08 0.603
200 0.125 0.11 0.804
300 0.235 0.18 1.27
400 0.40 0.28 1.89
500 0.61 0.41 2.76
600 0.88 0.71 3.9
700 1.21 1.03 5.75
750 1.36 1.2 7.15
0 2 4 6 8
Shaft-Head Lateral Deflection, Yo, in.
0
200
400
600
800
S
h
a
f
t
-
H
e
a
d

L
a
t
e
r
a
l

L
o
a
d
,

P
o
,

K
i
p
s
Measured
S-Shaft
FLPIER/COM624P
Las Vegas field test for short shaft
4-ft Diameter Shaft
Table 9 - Soil Data for Southern California Test
Soil layer Soil type Thickness (ft)
(pcf) | (deg.)
S
u
(psf)
c
50
**
Layer 1 Clay 22 130 34 5500 0.0095
Table 10 - Comparison of Measured Shaft Head Deflection and S-Shaft and
COM624P Predictions for Southern California Test
Load
(kips)
Actual shaft-head deflection,
Yo, in
S-Shaft Deflection,
Yo, in.
COM624 Deflection,
Yo, in
50 0.1 0.094 0.20
100 0.25 0.2275 0.35
200 0.67 0.59 1.50
300 1.10 1.12 4.40
400 1.85 1.74 15.0
Southern California field test for short shaft
0 1 2 3 4 5
Shaft-Head Lateral Deflection, Yo, in.
0
100
200
300
400
S
h
a
f
t
-
H
e
a
d

L
a
t
e
r
a
l

L
o
a
d
,

P
o
,

K
i
p
s
Measured
S-Shaft
FLPIER/COM624P
(Linear analysis)
SHAFT GROUP INTERACTION
P-multiplier (f
m
) concept for pile group (Brown et al. 1988)
PILE GROUP
Configuration of the Mobilized Passive Wedges,and
Associated Pile Group Interference

Soil Strain =
3
2
2

Passive Soil Wedges

Pile in Question
The Initial Interference Among Piles in a Pile Group at a Given Depth
Pile Type 1
Pile Type 2
Pile Type 3
Pile Type 4
Horizontal (Lateral and Frontal ) Interference for a Particular Pile
in the Pile Group at a Given Depth (in the Strain Wedge Model)
-0.5 m
0.0 m
3.0 m
8.0 m
12.0 m
17.0 m
25.0 m
32.0 m
= 35
o
= 19 kN/m
3
= 35
o
= 9.2 kN/m
3
= 34
o
= 9.4 kN/m
3
= 34
o
= 9.2 kN/m
3
S
u
=121.3 kN/m
2
= 9.2 kN/m
3

50
= 0.005
S
u
=115 kN/m
2
= 9.2 kN/m
3

50
= 0.005
S
u
=60 kN/m
2
= 9.2 kN/m
3

50
= 0.007
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Clay
Clay
Clay
Free head pile
a) Original soil profile
4.5 m
Loading Direction
b) Six 1.5-m-Diameter Bored
Pile Group (Fixed Head)
Shaft
B1
Shaft
B2
The Taiwan Test by Brown et al. 2001
In order to match the measured data using LPILE, the traditional
p-y curves were modified as shown above
0 40 80 120 160 200
Pile Head Deflection, Y
o
, mm
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
P
i
l
e

H
e
a
d

L
o
a
d
,

P
o
,

k
N
Measured (Brown et al. 2001)
Predicted (SW Model)
No V. Side Shear
With V. Side Shear
Single 1.5-m-Diameter Bored Pile (B1)
Free-head
0 10 20 30 40
Cap Deflection, Y
g
, mm
0
4000
8000
12000

P
i
l
e

G
r
o
u
p

L
a
t
e
r
a
l

L
o
a
d
,

k
N
Measured (Brown et al. 2001)
Predicted (SW Model)
Lateral Response of a (3 x2) Pile Group
Fixed head
SHORT SHAFTS IN LIQUEFIED SOIL
Current Available Procedures That Assess the Pile/Shaft
Behavior in Liquefied Soils (Using the Traditional P-y Curve):

1. Construction of the p-y curve of soft clay based on the
residual strength of liquefied sand presented by Seed
and Harder (1990)

2. The use of random P
mult
< 1 to reduce the stiffness of
the traditional p-y curve of sand

3. Reduce the unit weight of liquefied sand with the
amount of R
u
(Earthquake effect in the free-field ) and
then build the traditional p-y curve of sand based on the
new value of the sand unit weight.
(proposed by Brown based on Cooper River Test)

0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Equivalent Clean Sand SPT Blowcount, (N
1
)
60-CS
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
R
e
s
i
d
u
a
l

U
n
d
r
a
i
n
e
d

S
h
e
a
r

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
,

S
r

(
p
s
f
)
Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction and Sliding Case Histories Where
SPT Data & Residual Strength Parameters Have been Measured
Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction and Sliding Case Histories Where
SPT Data & Residual Strength Parameters Have been Estimated
Construction-Induced Liquefation and Sliding Case Histories
Lower San Fernando Dam
Fig. 1 Corrected blowcount vs. residual strength
(Seed and Harder, 1990)
Pile Deflection, y
S
o
i
l
-
P
i
l
e

R
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
,

p

Measured p-y Curves at
Treasure Island Test
(Rollins and Ashford)
Upper Limit of S
r
using soft clay p-y curve
Lower Limit of S
r

API Procedure
Comparison between the actual p-y curve in liquefied
soil and the currently used ones
Post-liquefaction stress-strain
behavior of completely liquefied
sand (Au
c
= o
3c
and R
u
=1)
Axial Strain, c
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r

S
t
r
e
s
s
,

o
d

Post-liquefaction stress-strain
behavior of partially liquefied
sand (Au
c
< o
3c
and. R
u
<1)
x
o

o
d
= 2 S
r

Fig. 1 Subsequent undrained stress-strain behavior of
sand that has experienced partial or complete
liquefaction (employed in S-Shaft)
Input Data Utilized in the SW Model Procedure
(S-SHAFT):
1. Peak ground acceleration (a
max
) and the magnitude
of the EQ to evaluate the excess porewater pressure
(R
u
) induced by cyclic loading

2. Pile/Shaft properties

3. Soil properties:
Effective unit weight of soil
(N
1
)
60
(i.e Relative density, Dr)
Angle of internal friction (|)
Sand grain roundness parameter ()
Percentage of fines
Axial strain in sand at 50% strength, c
50%
Uniformity coefficient (C
u
)

TABLE I. SOIL PROPERTIES EMPLOYED IN THE SWM ANALYSIS FOR TREASURE ISLAND
TEST
Soil Layer
Thick. (m)
Soil Type Unit Weight,
(kN/m
3
)
(N
1
)
60

(degree)

50
%
*S
u
kN/m
2
0.5 Brown, loose sand (SP) 18.0 16 33 0.45
4.0 Brown, loose sand (SP) 8.0 11 31 0.6
3.7 Gray clay (CL) 7.0 4 1.5 20
4.5 Gray, loose sand (SP) 7.0 5 28 1.0
5.5 Gray clay (CL) 7.0 4 1.5 20
* Undrained shear strength
Peak Ground Acceleration (a
max
) = 0.1 g
Earthquake Magnitude = 6.5
Induced Porewater Pressure Ratio (r
u
) = 0.8 - 0.9


Soil Profile and Properties at the Treasure Island Test
Pile Head Elevation ( 0.00 )
P
o
M
o
= 0.0
Axial Load= 0.0
Diameter of Pile
P
i
l
e

L
e
n
g
t
h

=

2
0
.
0

f
t

Thickness of Layer # 2
Thickness of Layer # 3
Water Table
S
A
N
D
C
L
A
Y
Ground Surface
1.0 m
4
.
0

m
4
.
0

m
0.61 m
Layer thickness = 4.0 m
Effective unit weight = 8.0 kN/m
3
Effective friction angle = 31.0
o
e
50
= 0.006, (N
1
)
60
= 11
Layer thickness = 3.7 m
Effective unit weight = 7.0 kN/m
3
Effective friction angle = 24
o
or 0.0 (default)
(S
u
)
Top
=20 kN/m
2
, (S
u
)
Bottom
=20 kN/m
2
e
50
=0.015
C
L
A
Y
S
A
N
D
4
.
5

m
7
.
5

m
0.5 m
Thickness of Layer # 4
Layer thickness = 5.0 m
Effective unit weight =7.0 kN/m
3
Effective friction angle =28.0
o
e
50
= 0.01, (N
1
)
60
= 9
Layer thickness = 5.5 m
Effective unit weight = 7.0 kN/m
3
Effective friction angle = 24
o
or 0.0 (default)
(S
u
)
Top
=20 kN/m
2
, (S
u
)
Bottom
=20 kN/m
2
e
50
=0.015
Thickness of Layer # 5
Thickness of Layer # 1
Layer thickness =0.5 m
Effective unit weight = 18.0 kN/m
3
Effective friction angle =33.0
o
e
50
= 0.0045, (N
1
)
60
= 16
% of fines= 5%
% of fines= 10%
T-Shell
Peak Ground Acceleration (a
max
) = 0.1g
Magnitude of Earthquake = 6.5
No lateral spreading
Free- and Near-field excess porewater pressure effect
Assume sand grains Subangular
Shaft Section
Numbers of shaft segments =1
Segment length = 20 m
Shaft diameter = 0.61m
Steel shell thickness = 9.5 mm
f
y
of the steel shell = 420000 kN/m
2
f
c
of concrete = 34444 kN/m
2
f
y
of the steel bars = 420000 kN/m
2
Ratio of Steel bars (A
s
/A
c
)= 2%
Ratio of Transversesteel = 0.3%
Shaft Width
x x
Longitudinal
Steel
TREASURE ISLAND TEST
Observed
Predicted
0 50 100 150 200 250
Pile-Head Deflection, Yo, mm
0
40
80
120
160
P
i
l
e
-
H
e
a
d

L
o
a
d
,

P
o
,

k
N
CISS, 0.324 m
EI = 44515 kN-m
2
No-Liquefaction
Post-Liquefaction
(u
xs, ff
+ u
xs, nf
)
Measured and Calculated Results for Treasure Island Test
(CISS of 0.324-m diameter
0 50 100 150 200 250
Pile-Head Deflection, Yo, mm
0
40
80
120
P
i
l
e
-
H
e
a
d

L
o
a
d
,

P
o
,

k
N
H-Pile, 0.310 m
EI = 49000 kN-m
2
Observed
Predicted
N
o
-
L
i
q
u
e
f
a
c
t
i
o
n
Post-Liquefaction
(u
xs, ff
+ u
xs, nf
)
Measured and Calculated Results for Treasure Island Test (H-Pile)
0 100 200 300 400
Pile-Head Deflection, Yo, mm
0
100
200
300
400
500
P
i
l
e
-
H
e
a
d

L
o
a
d
,

P
o
,

k
N
CISS, 0.61 m
EI = 448320 kN-m
2
Observed
Predicted (SWM)
Predicted (Com624)
N
o
-
L
i
q
u
e
f
a
c
t
i
o
n
Post-Liquefaction
(u
xs, ff
+ u
xs, nf
)
Measured and Calculated Results for Treasure Island Test
(CISS of 0.61-m diameter
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Equivalent Clean Sand SPT Blowcount, (N
1
)
60-CS
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
R
e
s
i
d
u
a
l

U
n
d
r
a
i
n
e
d

S
h
e
a
r

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
,

S
r

(
p
s
f
)
Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction and Sliding Case Histories Where
SPT Data & Residual Strength Parameters Have been Measured
Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction and Sliding Case Histories Where
SPT Data & Residual Strength Parameters Have been Estimated
Construction-Induced Liquefation and Sliding Case Histories
Lower San Fernando Dam
Fig. 1 Corrected blowcount vs. residual strength
(Seed and Harder, 1990)
0 40 80 120 160
Pile Lateral Deflection, y (mm)
0
20
40
60
80
p

(
k
N
/
m
)
Measured
Predicted (SW Model)
API (P
mult
= 0.3)
p-y Curve at 0.2 m Below Ground (0.61-m Diameter CISS )
The SW Model is the only program to predict the concave-up
p-y curve at Treasure Island Test
0 40 80 120
Pile Lateral Deflection, y (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
p

(
k
N
/
m
)
Measured
Predicted (SW Model)
API (P
mult
= 0.3)
p-y Curve at 1.5 m Below Ground (0.61-m Diameter CISS )
0 40 80 120
Pile Lateral Deflection, y (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
p

(
k
N
/
m
)
Measured
Predicted (SW Model)
p-y Curve at 2.3 m Below Ground (0.61-m Diameter CISS )
API (P
mult
= 0.3)
Treasure Island - CISS 0.61
p-y CURVE OF SINGLE PILE (FREE-HEAD)
1.2 m
2.5 m
3.3 m
4 m
4.8 m
S o i l - P i l e R e a c t i o n , p , k N / m

Pile Deflection, y, mm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
050 100 150
P-y curves from the SW
model program
Peak Ground Acceleration (a
max
) = 0.3 g
Earthquake Magnitude = 6.5
Induced Porewater Pressure Ratio (r
u
) = 1.0


Mt. Pleasant Site (Cooper River Br) Soil Profile and Data Input
TABLE II. SOIL PROPERTIES EMPLOYED IN THE SW MODEL ANALYSIS
FOR COOPER RIVER BRIDGE TEST AT MT. PLEASANT
Soil Layer
Thick. (ft)
Soil Type
Unit Weight,
(pci)
(N
1
)
60

(degree)

50
%
*S
u
psf
4 Slightly clay
sand (SP-SC)
120 19 34 0.004
9 Sandy clay (CH) 62 7 30 0.008
16 Very clayey
sand (SC-CL)
62 10 32 0.006
9 Silty sand (SM) 62 7 30 0.008
80 Cooper Marl 65 20 0.002 4300
Soil Profile and Properties at the Cooper River Bridge Test
0 1 2 3 4 5
Lateral Shaft-Head Displacement, Y
o
, in.
0
400
800
1200
L
a
t
e
r
a
l

L
o
a
d
,

P
o
,

k
i
p
s
Measured
LPILE (Input p-y curve
from O-Cell )
SW Model
Static Load
Postliquefaction
a
max
= 0.1g
a
max
= 0.3g
Random
r
u
= 0.7
Lateral response of shaft MP-1 at Mount Pleasure
test site (Cooper River Bridge)
Induced r
u
in the field = 1.0
, r
u
= 1