Lecture No.

28-29
Solid Waste as a Consequence of Life and Its Types And Generation Rate

Solid Waste & Impact

What are the sources of RCRA Subtitle-D Wastes?

Residential Commercial Institutional Industrial Agricultural Treatment Plants Open Areas (streets, parks, etc.)

What is the Nature of Municipal Solid Wastes?

Organic Inorganic Putrescible Combustible Recyclable Hazardous Infectious

SOLID WASTES, Its Types and Sources

Solid Wastes Community Waste General Waste Refuse
- Paper - elastic - bottle - glass - textile - metal - Lether - rubber - etc.

Agricultural Waste

Industrial Waste Hazardous Waste

Household Hazardous Waste Garbage

- Vegetable - Fruit - Food - etc.

Non-Hazardous Waste

Same as general waste

- Toxic Waste - Radioactive Waste - Chemical Waste - Explosive Waste - Corrosive Waste

- Battery/Flash light - Fluorescent - Paint - Chemical Containers

SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTES

Source Residential Typical waste generators Single and multifamily dwellings Types of solid wastes Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes.).

Industrial

Light

and

heavy

manufacturing,

fabrication, Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and

demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes. office Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes. Same as commercial.

construction sites, power and chemical plants. Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets,

buildings, etc. Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers.

Construction and New construction sites, road repair, renovation Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc. demolition Municipal services sites, demolition of buildings Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge. plants. Process (manufacturing, etc.) Agriculture Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off-specification

chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction products, slay, tailings. and processing. Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms. Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides).

BASIC COMPONENTS OF SOLID WASTE Solid waste is the mixture of different physical components as shown in following table
Components Inorganic Components Definition Examples

Any disintegrated material and residue obtain from

Ash, Bricks& Dirt Glass burning of wood or any other activities Any material or product of glass

Dust, soil, earth particles etc.

Bottles, Glass ware, bulb etc.

Metals

Any material made of metals such as iron, copper,

pital, steel, silver

Tine can, knife, bottle cover, aluminum can, foil etc.

Organic Components

Papers/Cardboard
Food Waste/Garbage Leather Plastics

Any material and paper

Wastes from food stuff Any material or product made up of leather Any material or product made up of plastics

Copy, newspaper, paper bags, cardboard, tissue paper etc.

Fruit wastes, vegetable wastes, Kitchen wastes etc. Leather bags, shoes, purse, string etc colored mix, white plastic, black plastic, plastic bottles, bags, shoes, purse, string, balls etc.

Rubber Textiles Wood Yard Waste

Any material or product made up of rubber Any material or product made up of Fiber/Yarn Any material o product obtained from tree cutting Any material o product obtained from tree leaves and garden trimming

Laloon & Disco Rubber bags, shoes, purse, string, balls etc Cotton, Wool, Nylon, Silk etc. Furniture like tables, chairs, etc. Leaves of all types of trees such as mangoes tree, lemon tree, etc.

Composition of MSW:

The term that describes the distribution of each component of waste by its percent weight of the total. The information is required for the selection of suitable treatment and disposal methods. Techniques and technologies are available but the choice depends largely on the composition of waste. The composition depends upon ; The area: Residential, Commercial etc. The season and weather( differences in the amount of population during the year, tourist places). Standard of living and many other factors.

Composition of MSW of Hyderabad City

Physical composition of MSW by weight(kg)
Ash, Bricks & Dirt Glass 3.02 6.03 1.8 14.41 9.71 1.83 50.75 22.8 29.86 10.02 3.41 11.05 Textile cardboard Food wastes Leather paper Plastic Rubber Metals Wood Yard wastes 2% 4% 1% 9% 6% 1% 30% 14% 18% 6% 2% 7%

Physical composition of MSW by percent

Ash, Bricks & Dirt Glass Textile cardboard Food wastes Leather paper Plastic Rubber Metals Wood Yard wastes

Solid Waste Management/Functional Elements of SWM

SOLID WASTE GENERATION ONSITE STORAGE, STORAGE PROCESSING HANDLING AND COLLECTION

TRANSFER/ TRANSPORTATION

RECOVERY PROCESSING

DISPOSAL

SOLID WASTE
Sources - Household - Commercial - Institutional - Market Disposal Sanitary land fill Incineration Decomposing

Transportation

PROBLEM OF SOLID WASTE AND MANAGEMENT

Problem of source and collection Problem of Transportation Problem of disposal

PROBLEM OF SOURCE AND COLLECTION

Source

Collection

Poor disposal at source Not separate of solid waste and hazardous waste Remaining solid waste

Collection service not cover all responsible area Lack of containers Improper containers Time consuming (due to solid waste collector spend time for separation)

ON-SITE STORAGE

Primary containers

Communal containers

PRIMARY CONTAINERS

Bags, bins, buckets, etc. Used to collect and store the solid waste on household level In tropical urban environment, advised to storage not more than 24 hrs due to the serious risk of nuisance from odors and fly breeding

PROBLEM OF TRANSPORTATION

Falling of solid waste during transportation Insufficient of transporting vehicle Unsuitable collecting routing/time

PROBLEM OF DISPOSAL

Unsuitable location/improper design Disposal site

Inadequate of disposal area Difficult to find disposal site areas

No solid waste separation Incorrect solid waste separation (eg. scavenger) Not operated as designed (eg. Open dump and burn instead of sanitary landfill) Lack of equipment and manpower

POOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL MANAGEMENT

Technical constraint Budget constraint

Collection fee is very low

Social constraint (NIMBY SYNDROME)

THE PROBLEM OF COMMUNITY WASTE MANAGEMENT

Health Effect

Collectors do not ware safety suit Collectors have high risk of infection

Communication

Lack of understanding in solid waste management Ignore to do it right Lack of participation Lack of information

Public Health Aspects Of Municipal Solid Waste Management or Solid Waste as a Consequence of Life
Waste categories Potential health impacts in the waste cycle

Waste categories with potential public health impacts

Domestic waste General household wastes with used batteries and drugs containers, street sweepings with small quantities of excreta Special and hazardous wastes Health care waste (sharp and infectious components), toxic chemical, pharmaceutical and other industrial wastes, as well as radioactive wastes Other bulky wastes Untreated wastes, construction wastes with metallic components and sludge for treatment plants

Potential health impacts in the waste cycle

Generation and storage

Collection and transfer

Treatment and disposal

Waste recovery, recycling and reuse

Groups at risk from adverse public health impact of MSWM

The population of unserved areas, especially pre-school children Waste operators and waste pickers Workers in facilities that produce infectious, toxic, and cancer-causing material People living close to waste disposal facilities The population supplied with water polluted by waste dumping or by inadequately protected landfill sites

Public health impacts if waste picking

Minor occupational impacts from dust and sharps Significant occupational impacts from toxic chemicals, in recycling waste with high heavy metal content Significant in case of recycling of poorly disinfected infectious waste

Occupational hazards associates with waste handling

Accidents

Chronic Diseases

Infections

Accidents:

Muscular-skeletal disorders resulting from the handling of heavy containers Wounds, most often infected wounds, resulting from contact with sharp waste Intoxication and injuries resulting from contact with small amounts of hazardous chemical wastes collected with garbage Trauma, burns, and other injuries resulting from occupational accidents at waste disposal sites, or from methane gas explosion on landfill sites

Infections:

Blood infection resulting from direct contact with waste and from infected wounds Respiratory infections resulting from exposure to infected dust, especially during land filling operation Zoonosis resulting from bites by wild or stray animals feeding on wastes Enteric infections transmitted by insects feeding on wastes

Chronic diseases:

Incineration operators are especially exposed to chronic respiratory diseases resulting from exposure to dust; to toxic and carcinogenic impacts resulting from exposure to hazardous compounds; to cardiovascular disorders and heat stress resulting from expose to excessive temperature; and to loss of hearing function due to exposure to excessive noise.

Environmental pathways of health hazards from waste disposal facilities

Landfills
Composting

Incinerators

Composting

Minor occupational impacts from dust, sharp objects and small amounts of infectious wastes

Incinerators

Direct impacts: occupational accidents and chronic diseases, air pollution by particulates, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals Indirect impacts: soil pollution by fly ash falling down, chemical water pollution from acid wastewater, and leachates from ash disposal in landfills

Landfills

Direct impacts: accidents, fires, explosions, dust, smoke, noise, odors, insects, rodents, stray animals Indirect impacts: Surface water pollution by runoff from the landfill, and underground water pollution by leachates

Summary of waste-linked diseases and conditions with their causes or pathway of transmission

Injuries and chronic diseases

Bacterial, virus, or parasitic infections

Tropical diseases transmitted by water borne vectors in urban areas

Injuries and chronic diseases

Cuts and infective wounds from sharp waste Burns from fires generated in wastes Burns or wounds from hazardous chemicals in waste Toxication and cancers from exposure to hazardous waste Chronic respiratory diseases from exposure to dust

Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections:

Bacterial or viral, blood infections resulting from injuries caused by infected sharp waste Eye and skin infections from waste generated infect dust Respiratory infections from exposure to wastegenerated infected dust Vector borne diseases, viral or parasitic, transmitted by vectors living or breeding in waste-generated ponds; and worm infestation transmitted by contact with polluted soil

Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections:

Bacterial viral or parasitic enteric diseases, transmitted either: By insects and rodents feeding on wastes By accidental ingestion of waste food Through drinking water contaminated by leachate from waste Trough eating food contaminated by leachate from waste Zoonosis carried by stray animals and rodents feeding on waste (rabies, plangue, leishmaniasis, hydiatasis, tickborne fevers)

Tropical diseases transmitted by water-borne vectors in urban areas:

Malaria transmitted by anopheles mosquitoes Dengue and yellow fever transmitted by aedes mosquitoes Filariasis (Bancroftian) transmitted by culex mosquitoes Schistosomiasis has bored by bulinus and other snails