Presented by) kaushik m prajapati(110863119012) Under the guidance of H.O.

D of mechanical Amrat Patel

LAXMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SARIGAM

Requirements: 1.Dimensional Accuracy. 2.Surface Flatness. 3.Minimal Surface Damage.

Image Courtesy: www.ie.bilkent.edu.tr

Draft from the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany

Concept of a face lapping machine by Leonardo da Vinci Image Courtesy: Handbook of Lapping and Polishing

Lapping parameters: 1. Lapping Wheels / Plate 2. Lapping Medium 3. Lapping Abrasives

Hard / Soft

Slurry, which acts as the tool

Lapping

Water Ground Glass

5 m diameter alumina powder sample

Image courtesy: University of Illinois

For brittle materials For ductile materials

Image Courtesy: Handbook of Lapping and Polishing

Surface Lapping

Profile Lapping

Cylindrical Lapping Thread Lapping

Lapping plate materials for brittle work-pieces: 1.Diamond 2.Cubic boron nitride 3.Silicon carbide 4.Aluminum oxide 5.Corundum
Lapping plate materials for ductile work-pieces: 1.Cast iron 2.Copper 3.Tin 4.Lead

Lapping Machine Image Courtesy: www. ctma.ncms.org

List of Abrasive Materials. Table Courtesy: South Bay Technology Inc

1. Scratches on work-piece. 2. Abrasive damage due to grain breakage. 3. Forces developed affect properties of the

work-piece surface.

High accurate surface geometry Good quality Repeatability Required tolerance achieved No warping of the components No heat generation and thermal damage

GRINDING

Grinding is a finishing process used to improve surface finish, abrade hard materials, and tighten the tolerance on flat and cylindrical surfaces by removing a small amount of material. Information in this section is organized according to the subcategory links in the menu bar to the left.

In grinding, an abrasive material rubs against the metal part and removes tiny pieces of material. The abrasive material is typically on the surface of a wheel or belt and abrades material in a way similar to sanding. On a microscopic scale, the chip formation in grinding is the same as that found in other machining processes. The abrasive action of grinding generates excessive heat so that flooding of the cutting area with fluid is necessary.

HONING

Honing is an abrasive machining process that produces a precision surface on a metal workpiece by scrubbing an abrasive stone against it along a controlled path. Honing is primarily used to improve the geometric form of a surface, but may also improve the surface texture . Typical applications are the finishing of cylinders for internal combustion engines, air bearing spindles and gears. Types of hone are many and various but all consist of one or more abrasive stones that are held under pressure against the surface they are working on.
.

In everyday use, a honing steel is used to hone knives, especially kitchen knives, and is a fine process, there contrasted with more abrasive sharpening. Other similar processes are lapping and superfinishing

Superabrasives and hone head for cylinders.