Software Engineering Lesson 6

Storage Model

Disks
Floppy Disk
Main disk used for library users Holds 1.44 Megabytes
1,440,000 Bytes

Feels hard
Floppy part inside cover

Almost obsolete

Hard Disk
Main disk for most computers Holds Windows, software, and most data Usually dont see it because its inside computer.

CD-ROM
Uses optical (laser) technology instead of magnetic Holds large amount of data Same technology as a music disk. Not available on library computers

Disks
Disk geometry may vary
Different disks may have different number of sectors per track Hide these details using a virtual geometry presented to the OS Virtual geometry defined by x cylinders, y heads, and z sectors per track Disk controller maps virtual to real geometry Alternative: logical block addressing
disk sectors numbered consecutively starting at 0 No limits on number of sectors (depending)

Sectors and Tracks

Overview of Computer Hardware

Magnetic Disk
Used the most for permanent storage in computers In principal, stores data pretty much the same way as tapes
Magnetic coating covers the disk Takes magnetic charge to represent data

Divided into tracks and sectors

Tracks are concentric circles on the disk Sectors divide the disk into pie-shaped areas Data fills all track within one sector

All tracks can store the same number of bits!!!

more compact towards the center (higher density)

R/W Head

R/W head can move to any position (sector, track) on the disk random access

Overview of Computer Hardware

Comes in two forms:
Portable
Floppy disks
Because they are flexible (easily bent) 3.5 1.44 MB

Calculations
Information Given : A magnetic disk is labeled M Able to write on 1 side. 40 sectors 60 tracks 1 cluster = 2 sector track I sector-track=512 byte

Calculate
The number of sector-track on one side? The number of sector-track on both sides? How much can be stored on one side?

How much can be stored on both sides?

Calculate
The number of sector-track on one side? 40 x 60 = 2400 sector-track The number of sector-track on both sides? 2400 sector-track because the other side = 0 How much can be stored on one side? 2400 x 512 byte = 1228800 bytes How much can be stored on both sides? 1228800 bytes

Calculate
How many cluster on one side? 2400/2= 1200 clusters How many cluster on entire disk? 1200 clusters What is the total track in the entire disk? 60 tracks

Exercise in class
Information Given : A magnetic disk is labeled J Able to write on 2 sides. 80 sectors 90 tracks 1 cluster = 2 sector track I sector-track=512 byte

Calculate :
The number of sector-track on one side? The number of sector-track on both sides? How much can be stored on one side? How much can be stored on both sides? How many cluster on one side? How many cluster on entire disk? What is the total track in the entire disk?

Overview of Computer Hardware

Disk Pack

Fixed
Hard disks Single (PCs) or multiple (~ 10 to 12) Multiple GBs per disk Diskettes have 135 tracks per inch and 18 tracks
HDs have 1000s of tracks per inch and 64 tracks

R/W does not touch the surface but floats right above it Rotate 100 times faster than diskettes They are sealed so that no dirt comes between R/W head and disk (corrupts data)

Overview of Computer Hardware

Compact Disks (CDs)
Optical disk Data stored like magnetic disks (series of dots on tracks)
Now we BURN the dots (rather than magnetic charges) as pits on the surface A laser detects those pits as 0s Data spans a track of the disk (not sectors) Pits gives the advantage of more density of storage
600 MB to 10 GB

Most CDs are Read-only (because of the burning) Some optical drives do allow for re-burning of surface after smoothing out the pits

Cutaway View of a Multi-Platter Hard Disk Drive

Simplified View of Disk Track and Sector Organization

An integral number of sectors are recorded around a track A sector is the unit of data transfer to or from the disk

Simplified View of Individual Bits Encoded on a Disk Track

Inside tracks are shorter & thus have higher densities or fewer words All sectors contain the same number of bytes
Inner portions of a platter may have fewer sectors per track

Small areas of the disk are magnetized in different directions

Change in magnetization direction is what is detected on read

Photo of Disk Head, Arm, Actuator

Spindle

Actuator

Arm

Head

Platters

Disk Device Terminology

Arm Head Inner Outer Sector Track Track Platter

Actuator

Several platters, with information recorded magnetically on both surfaces (usually)

Bits recorded in tracks, which in turn divided into sectors (e.g., 512 Bytes)
Actuator moves head (end of arm,1/surface) over track (seek), select surface, wait for sector rotate under head, then read or write Cylinder: all tracks under heads

DVD
Replacing CD-ROM Holds much larger amount of information (such as movie) Also does not work on library computers

Flash Drive
Most recent widely used storage system Very portable, often worn like jewelry 128-512 Megabytes most common sizes

The End
Zainudin Johari
Senior Lecturer Unity College International

B Sc (Hons ) Computer Science, UPM M Sc Information Systems, UPM