PSM1 SEMINAR

ASPECT RATIO EFFECT ON APPLIED RESONANCE FREQUENCY ON CYLINDRICAL PVC TUBE

BY AHMAD DAIROBI B. GHAZALI SUPERVISOR: ASC. MADYA DR. NORMAH BT. MOHAMMAD GHAZALI

Outline
Background of study Literature review Problem statement Objective and scope Theory Methodology

Background of study
Concerns about increasing atmospheric temperatures and ozone depletion UV rays will be able to reach the Earth's surface,
increase in the number of cases of skin cancer and eye cataracts. kill plankton in the sea, the fish and whales that live off and those creatures that live off of fish - and so it would continue throughout the chain

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) from the conventional refrigeration systems one of the major factor Need environmentally friendly technology or green technology Thermoacoustic refrigeration technology is one of alternative systems for overcome the problem.

Literature review
Year By Comment 1777

Byron Higgins (B. Higgins, 1802)

Investigation of organ pipe type oscillations known as singing flames. Hydrogen was used at the open end.
Strong oscillation occurred when a wire screen is heated in a lower half of an openended pipe. This kind of tube was name Rijke Tube. One of the earliest theoretical thermoacoustic studies. Involves the calculation of acoustic attenuation in a duct due to oscillatory heat transfer between solid isothermal duct wall and a gas sustaining sound wave.

1859

Petrus Leonardus Rijke (P.L.Rijke, 1859)

1868

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (G. Kirchhoff, 1868)

Year
1986

By
T.J. Hofler (T.J. Hofler, 1986)

Comment
The first Thermoacoustic Refrigeration created. This device has a cooling power of 6W using with 10.2 Bar Helium as the pressurized gas.

1992

S. L.Garrett, T.J.Hofler, J. Adeff and others (S. L.Garrett et al, 1989) Poese, M.E, S. Garrett and R. Smith

Develop a Space Thermoacoustic Refrigerator (STAR) The cooling power is 5W with mixed gas of 97.2% Helium and 2.7% Xenon in 10 atm pressurized. Develop commercial thermoacoustic chiller for Ben & Jerrys ice-cream. The chiller has cooling power of 119 Watts With Helium in 10 atm pressure.

2004

Problem statement
Resonance frequency is important to get the optimum temperature different for thermoacoustic refrigerator (TAR) and proved by Qiu Tu (2005) in his experimental study. Tijani (2001), Atchley(1990), Qiu Tu(2005), Hofler (1986) and other researcher noticed the discrepancy between the design resonance frequency and measured operating resonance frequency. Mahmood-Normah Correlation appeared as a result on the study on this relation between theoretical and operating the resonance frequency for a thermoacoustic refrigerator. The presence of the stack will increase the additional mass in the cavity. The increasing of the mass will affect the natural frequency reading (Stephen, 1950).

Problem statement (cont..)

Stephen (1950) mentions that the natural frequency will also increase with the area of mouth, decrease with the increase of volume and does not depend on the shape of the cavity. Aspect ratio is the ratio of the objects longest dimension to the next longest dimension. According to Qiu Tu (2005), the front input acoustic impedance that determined the frequency is affected by gas, resonator lengths and stack elements. Sari (2008) done the experiment on the various length resonator and he said that the connection between refrigeration performance and the resonator length shows inconsistency. Mahmood (2009) mentioned that the diameter and wavelength of the resonator have a strong effect on the resonance frequency.

The resonator diameter and length used by researchers.

Resonator parameter Researcher Type Length, L Diameter, D Ratio (L/D) (cm) (cm) 58.44 23 2.106 7.2 6.3 3.8 27.75 27.78 11.11

TIJANIS SYSTEM (Tijanni,2001) RUSSELS SYSTEM (Russell,2001) JEBLIS SYTEM (JEBALI F.,2004) AKHAVANBAZAZ SYSTEM ( Akhavanbazaz, 2007)

Aluminum Acrylic

Acrylic PVC

200
70 43.75 21.8

QIU TU SYTEM (Qiu Tu, 2005)

UTMS PREVIOUS SYSTEM (Nurudin,2008) INTEB PREVIOUS SYSTEM (Sari, 2008)

11.51

15.75, 17.32

Para glass

50,55

3.175

Mahmood-normah correlation

Objective

To analyze the effect of aspect ratio (length : diameter) on the operating resonance frequency of a PVC cylindrical resonator tube.

Scope
To design and fabricate several cylindrical thermoacoustics resonators from PVC cylindrical tube for different diameter at different operating frequencies. To perform thermoacoustic experiments to look at relationships between theoretical and operating resonance frequency at the various aspect ratio. To compare results with that of the NormahMahmood correlation.

Theory
Thermoacoustic is a combination of thermodynamics and acoustic phenomena. Thermoacoustic effect the effect that is produced from the interaction of pressure oscillation of a sound wave and the accompanying adiabatic temperature oscillations with solid boundaries.

Theory (cont..)
Generally thermoacoustics can be divided in two systems. The system that converts heat energy into acoustic is called a thermoacoustic prime mover .

The system that converts acoustics into heat energy difference is called a thermoacoustic refrigerator.

Theory- flow at the stack

As acoustics are generated into a resonator tube, gas particles will compress and expand adiabatically next to the stack plate. As a particle is compressed, it heats up and at that instantaneous time transfers heat to the neighboring solid. Then as it expands and cools down, being moved back to its original position, heat from the neighboring solid transfer heat to it.
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Methodology

Table top Thermoacoustic refrigeration (Nurudin, 2008)

Summary for parametric study on aspect ratio

Summary on stack parameter

Stack type using Mylar with thickness 0.07mm (Tijani, 2001) Parallel type same as Mahmood (2009)
Stack parameter 1. Stack center position, xs 2. Stack spacing or separation gap, 2yo 3. 4. Stack length, Ls Stack thickness, 2l 35mm 0.07mm value 54mm 0.45mm

5.

Blockage ratio, B

0.865

List of equipment
Equipment Function Generator Power Amplifier Scanning Thermometer Description Leader Function Generator LFG-1300 Bruel & Kjaer Power Amplifier Type 2706 Cole Parmer Digi-Sense Scanning Thermometer Accuracy: + 0.1 % of reading. Remarks Used to produce the sinusoidal wave. Used to increase the amplitude. Used to display and temperature measured. store the

Thermocouples Type K thermocouple Desktop Computer with Computer LAN connection Fluke True RMS Digital Multimeter. Model 112 Accuracy: + 0.1 % of reading.

Contacted to the stack to measure the temperature at the stack. Used together the datas stored by scanning thermometer and preparing graphical representation of the data.
Measure the volt produce from power amplifier to loudspeaker for precaution from overload volt.

Digital Multimeter

Experimental set-up

Gant chart

The end Thank you

The equation

The equation

Thermoacoustic refrigeration performance

Chlorine effect
The chlorine atom removed from CFCs reacts with ozone molecule (O3) and converts it into oxygen molecule (O2). Produce thick layer and hole. -Cl + O3 ClO + O2 -ClO + O3 Cl + 2 O2 this cycle by forming reservoir species such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2).