What is Voltage Drop

Source
I R

Load

p.f. = 1

VD = IR = (mV/A/m)r

What is Voltage Drop

Source
I R

Load

p.f. = 1

VD = IR = (mV/A/m)r

Source

Load
VD = IR Cos == Cos(mV/A/m)r

p.f. = Cos

What is Voltage Drop

Source
I R

S
VD = IR = (mV/A/m)r

Load

p.f. = 1

Source
I R

Load
VD = IR Cos == Cos(mV/A/m)r

p.f. = Cos

Source

Load

p.f. = Cos

VD = IR Cos + I X Sin ==Cos(mV/A/m)r + Sin(mV/A/m)x

Why Need to Control Voltage Drop

1. Meet the relevant Code (CP5: 525-01-02) 2. Maintain Proper Operation (CP5: 525-01-01) 3. Operate Best Efficiency

4. Safety Operation
5. Optimize Life Span 6. Reduce Energy Loss 7. Reduce Heat

Ways to Minimize Voltage Drop

1. Reduce Route Length

2. Bigger Cable
3. Lower Conductor Resistivity 4. Lower Cable Reactance

5. Boost up Supply Voltage

6. Use Higher Supply Voltage 7. Parallel Circuit 8. Reduce Temperature of Operation 9. Review Installation Method

Voltage Drop Vs Distribution Arrangement

Each Load = 100A Distance of Each Load = 3m

N
DISTRIBUTION ARRANGEMENT Min. V.D. Max. V.D. Installation Cost RADIAL 0.23 % 0.92 % 100 %

N
RISER 0.18 % 0.47 % 180 %)

N
SUBDISTRIBUTION 0.13 % 0.39 % 170 %

N
RING 0.11 % 0.28 % 210 %

Voltage Drop Vs Different Type of Distribution Means

Load = 100A

Distance = 100m

DISTRIBUTION MEANS V.D.% Installation Cost

PVC CABLE 0.52 % 100 %

XLPE 0.73% 120 %

FR 0.73 % 130 %

Cu BUSBAR 0.07% 210 %

A1. BUSBAR 0.12% 180%

Voltage Drop Limit

10%

CP5
V.D.

525.01
4% = 6%
6%
4%

Supply Utility Voltage Regulation

Most Electrical Appliance Operate properly within Voltage Regulation = 10% V.D. Limit = 4%
6%

V.D.

Typical Allowable Voltage Drop

1.0% 1.0%

10%

2.5%
3.0% 1.5%

3% 3.0% 1% 4%

Final Circuit Voltage Drop Sub-Main Voltage Drop

6% Supply Utilities Voltage Regulation

6% 6% 6% 6% 6%

Lift/Escalator

Lighting Small Power

ACMV MCC

Fire Pump

UPS Load

Voltage Drop at Steady State / Transient Condition

3%

Load

3% M

3% M

3%

Load

2%

SB

2%

SB

1%

1%

Voltage Drop at Steady State / Transient Condition

3%

5%

Load

3% M

3%

6%

4%

3% 6%

Load

2%
4%

SB

2%
3%

SB

1% 2% N N

1%
2%

Voltage Drop with Consideration of Cable Reactance

2.5%
0.3%

1.2%
2.5% 1.6% 2.2% 1.3%

2.5%

0.9%

6mm2

16mm2

25mm2

240mm2

500mm2

(Voltage Drop)r = IR

(Less Than 16sq mm)

(Voltage Drop) R , X, Cos = IRCos + I X Sin

Voltage Drop with Temperature Correction

Cable (R & X) data given @ Rated Cable Temp. (e.g. 70oC Conductor Temp. for PVC Cable-30oC Ambient)

I
Load

Temp

V.D.

30m

Ambient Temp = 25oC I(design)=20A 1/c 10sqmm PVC cable I(table) =59A (mV/A/m)r=3.8mV/A/m

VD=3.8mV*20A*30m=2.28V

Voltage Drop with Temperature Correction

Cable (R & X) data given @ Rated Cable Temp. (e.g. 70oC Conductor Temp. for PVC Cable-30oC Ambient)

I
Load

Temp
T20A tambient = o t70 C t reference
T20A =

R
I2 design I2 table

V.D.

30m

tambient + I2 design I2 table 25 + 202 592

(t70oC treference) (70 30)

Ambient Temp = 25oC I(design)=20A 1/c 10sqmm PVC cable I(table) =59A (mV/A/m)r=3.8mV/A/m VD=3.8mV*20A*30m=2.28V

= = 29.6oC

Voltage Drop with Temperature Correction

The Corrected TV.D at 29.6oC is: (TVDr)
29.6oC

= (TVDr) = 3.8 x 0.86 = 3.27

230 + 29.6 230 + 70

VD

= (TVDr Cos ) x I x L 1000 = 3.27 x 0.8 x 20 x 30 1000 = 1.57 V = 69% of (VD/A/m)r only