FLOWER

FLOWER
A flower is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds.

Flower Structure
FLOWER sits atop of a stem called peduncle.
Sepals from the latin sepalum covering Petals from the latin petalum to spread out Stamens are the pollen producing part of a flower

Androecium house of man

Anther and filament

Flower Structure
Carpel from the greek word carpos fruit
Collectively known as gynoecium house of woman Pistil individual carpel

Types of Flower
Flower can vary in the type of structure present A flower containing all four modified leaves is said to be complete If a flower that lacks any of these modified leaves is said to be incomplete

Incomplete flower

Types of flower
Bisexual or perfect flower with both fertile type of modified leaves and unisexual/imperfect has either stamens or carpels.

Unisexual flower

Types of flower

Shape of flower

Flower Symmetry
Those with radial symmetry are said to be regular flower or actinomorphic From the greek aktis ray

Flower Symmetry
Zygomorphic or Irregular Greek zygon yoke or pair Flowers that can be divided along an imaginary line into two equal parts that mirror each other

Ovary position

Ovary position
Superior ovary: Above the attachement of the petals, sepals and stamens; also an ovary that is free from the hypanthium if the fused stamens, sepals and petals are attached to the receptacle below the ovary

Ovary Position
Inferior ovary:
Below the attachment of petals, sepals and stamens

Ovary Position
Semi-inferior ovary
Perigynous arrangement peri around ; parts are attached half way up the ovary

Placentation

Inflorescence: group of flower on a single peduncle

Seed
Is the product of ripened ovule.
are nourishment of the embryo, dispersal to a new location, and dormancy during unfavorable conditions. Seeds fundamentally are a means of reproduction

the process of seed development begins with double fertilization The second part of this process is the fusion of the polar nuclei with a second sperm cell nucleus, thus forming a primary endosperm the primary endosperm divides rapidly to form the endosperm tissue.

This tissue becomes the food that the young plant

The seed coat forms from the two integuments, the inner integument forms the tegmen and the outer forms the testa.

Lets review

Identify the following parts:

Wind dispersal
Calyx modified into plume

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

Wind dispersal

Water dispersal

Animal dispersal

Seeds with barb or hook

on their seed coat

Type of Fruits

Simple Fruits
Fleshy Fruits: All of most of the ovary wall (pericarp) is soft or fleshy at maturity. 1. Berry: Entire pericarp is fleshy, although skin is sometimes tough; may be one or many seeded. E.g. grape, tomato, papaya, pomegranate, sapote, persimmon, guava, banana and avocado.

2. Pepo: Berry with a hard, thick rind; typical fruit of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae). E.g. watermelon, cucumber, squash, cantelope and pumpkin.

3. Hesperidium: Berry with a leathery rind and parchmentlike partitions between sections; typical fruit of the citrus family (Rutaceae). E.g. orange, lemon, grapefruit, tangelo and kumquat

4. Drupe: Fleshy fruit with hard inner layer (endocarp or stone) surrounding the seed. E.g. peach, plum, nectarine, apricot, cherry, olive, mango and almond.

5. Accessory fruit- Pome: Ovary or core surrounded by edible, fleshy part develops from the receptacle. This is typical fruit of certain members of the rose family (Rosaceae), including apple, pear

B. Dry Fruits: Pericarp dry at maturity. 1. Dehiscent Dry Fruits: Pericarp splits open along definite seams.

a. Legume: An elongate "bean pod" splitting along two seams; typical fruit of the third largest plant family, the legume family (Leguminosae or Fabaceae).

d. Follicle: A single ripened ovary (representing a single modified leaf or carpel) that splits open along one seam. The follicle may occur singly (as in milkweed) or in clusters: two in oleander, 2-5 in peony, 3 in larkspur, 5 in columbine and 4-5 in bottle tree (Sterculia or Brachychiton).

2. Indehiscent Dry Fruits: Pericarp does not split open. These fruits usually contain only one seed. a. Achene: Very small, one-seeded fruit, usually produced in clusters. Examples of this type of fruit include the sunflower (Helianthus), buttercup (Ranunculus) and sycamore (Platanus).

buttercup (Ranunculus)

c. Grain or Caryopsis: A very small, dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit in which the actual seed coat is completely fused to the ovary wall or pericarp. The outer pericarp layer or husk is referred to as the bran, while the inner, seed layer is called the germ. E.g. Corn (maize), wheat, rice, rye, barley, oats, Johnson grass, Bermuda grass and many more species.

d. Schizocarp: A small dry fruit composed of two or more sections that break apart; however, each section or carpel (also called a mericarp) remains indehiscent and contains a single seed. E.g. Carrot (Daucus), celery (Apium) and sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Other examples of schizocarps include filaree or stork's bill (Erodium) and cheeseweed (Malva), two common weeds in southern California. In these weeds, the seed-bearing carpels (mericarps) separate from each other, but remain indehiscent.

e. Samara: Small, winged, one-seeded fruit, usually produced in clusters on trees. E.g. Maple (Acer): a double samara, ash (Fraxinus), elm (Ulmus) and tree of heaven (Ailanthus). Samaras resemble the winged seeds of a pine, but they are truly one-seeded fruits with a pericarp layer surrounding the seed. The leguminous tipu tree (Tipuana tipu) has a winged fruit that certainly resembles a samara even though it belongs to the legume family (Leguminosae or Fabaceae). Like auto-rotation of helicopters, the samaras spin as they sail through the air, an effective method of dispersal.

f. Nut: Larger, one-seeded fruit with very hard pericarp, usually enclosed in a husk or cup-like involucre. (1) Acorn of oak (Quercus): The actual nut sits in a cupshaped involucre of imbricate (overlapping) scales. (2) Chestnut (Castanea), beech (Fagus) & chinquapin (Castanopsis): One or more nuts sit in a spiny, cupshaped involucre. (3) Hazelnut or filbert (Corylus): Nut sits in a leafy (C. americana) or tubular (C. cornuta) involucre. (4) Walnut (Juglans) and pecan (Carya) are placed in the drupe category (section A-4) above, although some botanists maintain that they are true nuts

Aggregate Fruit: Many ovaries derived from a single flower.

Raspberries Black berry

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