DPLI GSTT (TESL) SR 2012

ELL 2.2 Academic Writing Referencing Skills

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PLAGIARISM

Definition: Using someones ideas or words as your own Why do I need to avoid plagiarism? Morally wrong Harsh punishment Why do students plagiarise? Intense pressure to complete task Time constraint Last resort adapted by Janice Low YL ignorance

Penalties for Plagiarism

Intentional or unintentional, the consequences are grave: 1. Zero awarded on the assignment 2. Failing the course 3. Suspension 4. Expulsion

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Types of Plagiarism

Copy and Paste Word Switch Style Metaphor Idea

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Other forms of plagiarism

Copying a paper Buying a paper Not citing your source Peoples words A little of this, a little of that.

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How to avoid plagiarism

Dont cut and paste unless necessary Create a separate file for internet materials Recheck for any form of copying Ask a friend to review

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How Do I Know When to Cite?

If the idea didnt come directly from your own mind, it has to be cited!!
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Reference Citations in Text

A Citation gives credit for other peoples ideas and words that are used in an essay or research paper. Purpose: 1. It gives the source of a direct quotation. 2. It gives the credit for another persons ideas, even if expressed in your own words. 3. It gives the source of diagrams, tables and figures. 4. It shows that your work is thorough and accurate.
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What do I need to include in my citation?

1. Authors name 2. Year 3. Page number NOTE: Although the page numbers are only required when directly quoting a source, authors are encouraged to provide them, especially when it would help an interested reader locate the information or relevant information in a long or complex text. Page numbers are not required when paraphrasing.

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The TWO ways of Citing Information

1.

2.

Stating authors name in text, and Stating the authors name in parentheses at the end of your citation Examples:
Crystal (2004) defines grammar as the structural foundation of our ability to express ourselves. In a recent study on structural grammar, (Crystal, 2004, p. 45) adapted by Janice Low YL

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Quotations (less than 40 words)

-

Incorporate short quotations (fewer than 40 words) in the text, enclosed with double quotation marks. Example:
Richards and Rodgers (2001) argued that Communicative Language Teaching may cause anxiety among teachers accustomed to seeing error suppression and correction (p. 168).

OR
The Communicatived Language Teaching may cause anxiety among teachers accustomed to seeing error suppression and correction (Richards and Rodgers, 2001, p.168).
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Quotations (more than 40 words)

Display a quotation of 40 words or more in a free standing block and omit the quotation marks. Start the block quotation on a new line and indent it five spaces from the left margin (as if it were a new paragraph). Subsequent lines should be flush with the first line (indented five spaces), and the entire quote must be double spaced.

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Example:
Gladstone and Johnson (1995) found the following:

It should be remembered, too, that a certain amount of aggressive behavior is natural to young children as part of their experience in growing up. For one thing, the aggressive skills are more easily acquired than are the mental and social skills which take longer and more effort to develop. (p. 36) What is another way that this could have been cited?

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The other way

Your own text would start here. It should be remembered, too, that a certain amount of aggressive behavior is natural to young children as part of their experience in growing up. For one thing, the aggressive skills are more easily acquired than are the mental and social skills which take longer and more effort to develop. (Gladstone and Johnson, 1995, p. 36) Your own text would continue here and would go on

*remember that your quotation is still double spaced!*

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Can you tell me why the [A] in the following quotation is in square brackets?
[A] certain amount of aggressive behavior is natural to young children as part of their experience in growing up (Gladstone & Johnson, 1995, p.36).

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Square Brackets
Square brackets are used when adding your own words to a direct quote. Examples: [A] certain amount of aggressive behavior is natural to young children as part of their experience in growing up (Gladstone & Johnson, 1995, p.36). Miele (1993) found that the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first groups] behaviors were studied in this manner. (p.276).

Can you tell me why placebo effect is in single quotations in the last example?
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Single Quotations
Use single quotation marks within double quotation marks to set off material that in the original source was enclosed in double quotation marks. Miele (1993) found that the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first groups] behaviors were studied in this manner. (p.276).
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Ellipsis
Use ellipsis () within a sentence to indicate that you have omitted material from the original source. Example:
She stated, The placebo effectdisappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner (Miele, 1993, p.276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
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Ellipsis contd
Use four points (.) to indicate any omission between sentences. The first point indicates the period at the end of the first sentence quoted, and the three ellipsis points follow. Example:
In discussing the historical relation between politics and the press, William L. Rivers (1987) notes, Presidential control reached its zenith under Andrew Jackson.For a time, the United States Telegram and the Washington Globe were almost equally favored as party organs, and there were fifty-seven journalists on the government payroll (p.7)

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Works by Two Authors

If the authors names are stated within the text of your work, join the names with an and. If the authors names are not in the text of your paper then join them with an ampersand (&) Example:
As Nightlinger and Littlewood (1993) demonstrated. has been shown (Nightlinger & Littlewood. 1993, p.324).
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Works by Three or More Authors

When a work has three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

Example:
(first citation) ex. Waterman, Zee, Rosen, Glover, and Rock (1994) found (subsequent citation) ex. Waterman et al. (1994) found *subsequent citations of the same source in the same paragraph do not need the year. ex. Waterman et al. found
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When a Work has Six or More Authors

Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.

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The Reference List

A reference list is an alphabetical list of books and other sources consulted during the preparation and writing of a paper. Purpose: 1. It shows the kind of research done for the paper. 2. It shows the sources you have examined so that a reader can check your findings. 3. It provides the readers with a list of sources to refer to.

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Format of Reference List

1. 2. 3. Reference lists are placed on a separate page at the end of the paper. References are not numbered. Entries are listed alphabetically by author; the title is used if no author is given. When authors number seven or more, abbreviate the seventh and subsequent authors as et al. Start each entry flush with the left margin; indent subsequent lines one half inch (five spaces or one tab); and double space the entire entry. A reference list must include only those references cited in the text; all references appearing in the text must be included in the reference list.

4.
5.

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Format of reference list contd

6. Use only initials for the first and middle names even if the full name is given. 7. In titles of books and articles, capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word following a colon or dash, and all proper nouns. 8. In titles of periodicals, capitalize all significant words. 9. Italicize the titles of books and periodicals. 10. Only one space after ALL punctuation.

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Format of Reference List cont

11. Publishers Location - give the city and state (USA) - outside of the USA, give the city, state or province, and the country. - if the publisher is a university and the name of the state is included in the name of the University, do not repeat the name of the publishers location. 7. Date of Publication, then (pp. 225-226) - If no date is available, write n.d. in parentheses.

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Online Sources
Online Periodicals Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (2000) Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source. EXAMPLE: Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention
/volume3/pre0030001a.html

Online Document Author, A.A. (2000) Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source. EXAMPLE: Macfarlane, E. C. (2000). Children and literacy development. Retrieved October 11, 2005, from http://reading.indiana.edu/ieo/digests/d89.html
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