ECE 5221 Personal Communication Systems Prepared by:

Dr. Ivica Kostanic Lecture 24 Basics of 3G UMTS (4)

Subtitle

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Spring 2011

PHY layer procedures

Initial system acquisition (cell search) RACH procedure Paging Transmit diversity Open loop power control Fast closed loop power control Handover measurements MS and UTRAN measurements
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Cell search procedure

WCDMA asynchronous system Goal of search process

Synchronize to the system Demodulate PCCPCH (Primary Common Control PHY Channel)

Procedure initiated every time the phone is turned on Subdivided into four steps

Acquisition of slot synchronization Acquisition of frame synchronization Determination of the PrSC Resolution of the PCCPCH TTI ambiguity (TTI = 20ms)

Note 1. To demodulate PCCPCH the UE Needs to determine proper PrSC and proper code offset Note 2. There are 512 codes and 38400 possible offsets size of search space is ~ 20 million possibilities Note 3. Four step process allows for quick pruning of the search space

33 the acquired system is the If

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Step 1 TS synchronization

Accomplished through the search for P-SCH (Primary Synchronization Channel) P-SCH uses 256 bit long code at the beginning of each time slot Each TS is 0.67ms (15 TS make 10ms frame) UE may receive PSCH from multiple All cells (Node Bs) in the network use the same P-SCH cells code It will key on the strongest one

P-SCH radio frame 44 8/29/12

Step 2 Frame synchronization

Accomplished through acquisition of S-SCH S-SCH: 64 codes that consists of 15 code words that remains unique under cyclic shits UE reads decodes 15 time slots and based on the received code, it determines beginning of the frame Decoded S-SCH points to one of 64 groups for PrSC Example: Word that is unique under cyclic shift:

Horse Orseh Rseho Sehor Ehors

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Step 3: PrSC identification

There are 512 PrSC arranged in 64 groups with 8 codes in each group S-SCH points to one of 64 groups reducing the search to 8 PrSC candidates PrSC is 38400 long and it is aligned with the beginning of the radio frame PrSC establishes the By convolving single radio frame with 8 possible candidates, the cell identity. Once mobile determines PrSC of the cell mobile determines the PrSC it can decode the information associated with a given cell

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Step 4: Decoding of PCCPCH

Broadcast channel (BCH) is sent over PCCPCH in 20 ms TTI BCH aligned with beginning of every other frame Mobile determines the beginning if PCCPCH through simple CRC checks

Once PCCPCH is decoded, the mobile has acquired the system and it may register 77 Note: BCH is the only transport channel mapped 8/29/12 to PCCPCH

Random Access Procedure

Uses PRACH (PHY Random Access Channel) Steps in RACH procedure

Decode BCH to learn the available RACH sub channels and their scrambling codes and signatures (SIB Type 5) Select randomly the sub channel and scrambling code signature combination Set initial transmit power on the basis of open loop power control Send 1 ms preamble with selected signature Wait for the response on AICH If there is no response, increase power and send preamble again If the response is negative PHY informs MAC and stops the procedure

Note 1: Mobile should send several preambles before it If the response if positive, send RACH message (may be 10ms or 20 ms system is heard by the long) Note 2: In case of negative AIC response, UE randomizes time and starts 88 again 8/29/12

PRACH (power and timing)

Power

Initial power determined using open loop power control Power step and maximum number of power steps: signaled on the BCH

Timing (signaled on BCH)

Time between preambles Time between preamble and AI Time between preamble and message

Note: Setting the access power is balancing between setup success rate and interference AS = Access Slot 8/29/12

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RACH priority management

The UE accesses the system through sub-channels There are 12 sub-channels mapped on 15 access slots (per 20ms) Depending on the UE priority class, it can be assigned one or more subchannels High priority users may use more than one sub-channel

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Mapping between access slots and access sub8/29/12 channels

Paging procedure

Registered terminal is assigned a paging group (144, 72, 36 or 18 groups) Each paging group has a PI assigned on the PICH Terminal monitors the assigned PI, and in the mean time it sleeps If there is a page for any terminal within the paging group associate PI is set Once terminal decodes a set PI, it decodes PCH on the SCCPCH SCCPH is 3 timeslots after PICH Note: location of the PICH (and SCCPCH) changes from frame to frame randomizes paging location of the mobiles 8/29/12

1111

Transmit diversity

Used to improve robustness of DL towards fading Main idea: multiple copies of the signal have small probability of simultaneous fading Requires two transmit antennas on the base station Net gain DL transmit power reduced and capacity increases There are three approaches specified in WCDMA
x

Site selection transmit diversity (SSTD) Closed loop transmit diversity Open loop transmit diversity

Closed loop transmit diversity not implemented and it will be removed from the specs SSTD 1212 proved difficult to implement will be removed from the 8/29/12 specs

Open loop diversity

Use of the Space Time Block Codes (STBC) Open loop no feedback required Data sent through two antennas Encoding applied using 4 bits at the time Uses Alamounti Space Time Block Codes Used on downlink DPDCH

Note: STBC do not increase symbol rate. They use special 1313 encoding scheme to provide diversity reception using a 8/29/12 single antenna

Power control

Very important in CDMA Minimizes interference increases capacity Power control classification

PHY channel

Open loop Yes Yes X X

Closed loop Closed loop Inner outer Yes Yes X X Yes Yes X X

No power control X X Yes Yes

DPDCH DPCCH PCCPCH SCCPCH (BCH and FACH) AICH PICH PRACH CPICH PSCH SSCH

Open loop no feedback Closed loop close to real time feedback

X X Yes X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

Yes Yes X Yes Yes yes

Open loop power control

UL open loop DL open loop

Closed loop power control

UL inner loop

UL 1414 outer loop

Power control fir different PHY 8/29/12 channels

Power assignment for PHY channels without PC

Overhead channels that need to be heard over entire cell Overhead channels no power control Power allocation depends on the cell coverage requirements

Typical power assignments for overhead channelsPower range Overhead channel Typical power settings
CPICH PSCC/SSCH PCCPCH (BCH) SCCPCH (PCH) SCCPCH (FACH) AICH PICH -10 to 50 dBm -35 to 15 dB relative to CPICH -35 to 15 dB relative to CPICH -35 to 15 dB relative to CPICH -35 to 15 dB relative to CPICH -22 to 5 dB relative to CPICH -10 to 5 dB relative to CPICH 33 dBm -5 dB relative to CPICH -2 dB relative to CPICH -2 dB relative to CPICH 1 dB relative to CPICH -6 dB relative to CPICH -7dB relative to CPICH

Comment About 10% of the available PA power

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UL Open loop power control

Necessary to prevent UL interference due to mobiles that are not in closed loop Power control Open loop on the UL is implemented on

PRACH during access UL DPDCH and UL DPCCH before closed loop control starts

Based on the mobile estimates of what it should transmit Not very accurate nominal accuracy is +/- 9 dB Estimate of the initial mobile TX power on PRACH or UL DPCCH. UL DPDCH is adjusted depending on transport format 1616

Ppreamble = PTX -CPICH RSCPCPICH + UL interference + Const

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DL open loop power control

Initial Dl transmission before closed loop power control Initial power depends on requested data rate, mobile reported CPICH quality and target Eb/No Estimate of the initial Node B TX power on a DPDCH

PDL -DPCH = 10 log ( Rb / W ) + E b /N o + PTX CPICH Ec / N o

Note: There is a direct dependence between TX rate and power 1717

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UL closed loop power control

UL power control is implemented in two loops

Inner loop:

Fast loop Instantaneous SIR of the mobile on the uplink Executed by Node B

Outer loop:

Slower loop Manages the target SIR for the mobile on the uplink Executed by RNC

UL closed loop power control

Mobile receives one TPC 1818 (Transmit Power Control)

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UL closed loop power control in handover

Two types of handover

Soft (two different Node Bs) Softer (two cells of the same Node B)

Each cell issues TPC to the mobile TPC bits from the same Node B are combined one command per Node B TPC commands from different Node Bs or of the downs
In the case of conflicting commands the mobile powers 1919 down

UL power control for mobile in 8/29/12 handover

DL closed loop power control

On the DL both inner and outer loops are at the UE UE sends one TPC command received by all Node Bs in the active set All node Bs adjust their power in the same direction Additional algorithms need to be implemented at RNC to make sure Node B powers do no drift due to erroneous UP frames

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DL closed loop power control 8/29/12