-Mark Gil S.

Alceso

Mechanical hazards are those associated with power-driven machines, whether automated or manually operated.

"Education is the beginning of safety"

"Education is the beginning of safety"

Cutting and Tearing

A cut occurs when body part comes in contact with a sharp edge. The seriousness of cutting and tearing depends on how much damage on the skin, veins, muscles and even bones.
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Shearing

Shearing typically occurs when operators reached under the shearing blade to make an adjustment or placed materials there and activated the blade before fully removing their hand.

Crushing

They occur when a part of the body is caught between two hard surfaces that progressively move together, thereby crushing anything between them.
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Crushing can be divided into two categories: squeeze-point types and run-in points. Squeeze-point hazards exists where two hard surfaces, at least one of which must be in motion, push close enough together to crush any object that may be between them. Run-in point hazards exists where two objects, at least one of which is rotating, come progressively closer together. Any gap between them need not become completely closed.

"Education is the beginning of safety"

"Education is the beginning of safety"

Run-in nip point hazard:

There are three main types of in-running nips.

Parts rotating in opposite direction

Rotating and tangentially moving parts Rotating and fixed parts

"Education is the beginning of safety"

Breaking

Breaking occurs when machine that is used to deform engineering materials cause broken bones. A break in a bone is known as a

fracture. Classification of Fractures:

Simple Compound Complete Incomplete

Fractures can also be classified as transverse, oblique and comminuted.

"Education is the beginning of safety"

Straining and Spraining

A strain results when muscles are overstretch or torn. A sprain is the result of torn ligaments in a joint.

Puncturing

Puncturing results when an object penetrates straight into the body and pulls straight out, creating a wound in the shape of the penetrating object.

"Education is the beginning of safety"

Machine safeguarding is to minimize the risk accidents of machine-operator contact. The contact can be: An individual making the contact with the machine-usually the moving part-because of inattention caused by fatigue, distraction, curiosity or deliberate chance taking; From the machine via flying metal chips, chemical and hot metal splashes and circular saw kickbacks, to name a few; Caused by the direct result of a machine malfunction.
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Types of guarding. One or more methods of

machine guarding must be provided to protect people from such point of operation hazards. Point of operation refers to the area on the machine where work is performed on the material being processed.

General Requirements for machine guards.

Guards must be affixed in such way that they do not create a hazard themselves. Guarding of operation. Any point of operation that might expose a person to injury must be guarded.
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Machines requiring point of operation guards.

The following are examples of machine that requires point of operation guards: guillotine, cutters, shears, alligator shears, power presses, milling machines, power saws, jointers, portable power tools, forming rolls and calendars. Exposure of blades. Fans must be guarded in any case in which periphery of the fan blades is less than seven feet above the floor or working level. Anchoring fixed machinery. Machines that are designed to be fixed bin one location must be securely anchored to prevent moments.
"Education is the beginning of safety"

~the process of quantifying the level of risk associated with the operation of a given machine. It should be structured and systematic process and answers the following four questions: How severe are potential injuries? How frequently are employees exposed to the potential hazards? What is the possibility of avoiding the hazard if it does occur? What is the likelihood of an injury should a safety control system fall?
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Risk Assessment Decision Tree

"Education is the beginning of safety"

The National Safety Council has established the following requirements for safeguards. Prevent contact with the hazards Be secure and durable Protect against falling objects Create no new hazard Create no interference Allow safe maintenance
"Education is the beginning of safety"

The National Safety Council has established the following requirements for safeguards. Prevent contact with the hazards Be secure and durable Protect against falling objects Create no new hazard Create no interference Allow safe maintenance
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Fixed Guards
Provide a permanent barrier between workers and the point of operation.

"Education is the beginning of safety"

Interlocked Guards

Shuts down the machine when the guard is not securely in place or disengaged.

"Education is the beginning of safety"

Adjustable Guards

Provides barrier against a variety of different hazards associated with different production operations.

"Education is the beginning of safety"

Photoelectric Devices

Optical devices that shut down the machine whenever the light field is broken.

Radio-frequency Devices

Capacitance devices that brake the machine if the capacitance field is interrupted by a workers body.

"Education is the beginning of safety"

Electromechanical Devices

Contact bars that allow only a specified amount of movement between the worker and the hazard. Pull the operators hands out of the danger zone when the machine starts to cycle.

Pullback Devices

"Education is the beginning of safety"

Restraint Devices
Hold the operators back from the danger zone.

Safety trip Devices

Includes trip wires, trip rods, and body bars. All of these devices stop the machine when tripped.

"Education is the beginning of safety"

Two-hand Controls

Requires the operator to use both hands concurrently to activate the machine.

Gates

Provides a barrier between danger zone and workers.

"Education is the beginning of safety"

One of the most effective ways to ensure the machines are properly guarded is to conduct periodic self-assessment. These selfassessment can be conducted by safety personnel, supervisors or employees. Developing self-assessment criteria and encouraging supervisors and employees to use them daily is an excellent strategy for safety and health professionals.
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Automatic Feed

Automatic feed system feed stock to the machine from rolls.

Semiautomatic Feed

Semiautomatic feed uses a variety of approaches for feeding stock to the machine.
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Automatic Ejection

Automatic ejection systems eject the work pneumatically or mechanically.

Semiautomatic Ejection

Semiautomatic ejection systems eject the work using mechanisms that are activated by the operator.
"Education is the beginning of safety"

The main hazards associated with robots are (1)entrapment of a worker between a robot and a solid surface,(2)impact with a moving robot arm, and (3)impact with objects ejected or dropped by the robot. The best guard against these hazard is to erect a physical barrier around the entire perimeter of a robots work envelope. Various types of shutdown guards can also be used.
"Education is the beginning of safety"

OSHAs standard for the control of hazardous energy, often referred to as the lockout/tagout standard, is 29 CFR 1910,147. The purpose of this standard is to protect people in the workplace from hazardous energy while they are performing service or maintenance on machines, tools and equipments. A key element of the standard is to prevent the accidental or inadvertent activation of a machine while it is being serviced or repaired.
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Lockout/Tagout Language

Affected employee Authorized employee Energized Capable of being locked out Energy-isolating device Energy source Energy control procedure Energy control program Lockout Lockout Device Tagout Tagout Device
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Provision of the Standard

OSHAs standard for control of hazardous energy contains provision in the following:

Includes document energy control procedure, employee training and periodic inspections of procedures. Energy control procedure How procedure will be used Steps to isolate, block and secure equipment Steps for lockout/tagout devices Verify effectiveness of controls (test equipment)
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Energy control program

Energy-isolating devices

Requirements for lockout/tagout devices

Durable Substantial Standardized Identifiable

Tags For equipment that cannot be locked out Tags may be used for lockable equipment only if "at least as effective" as locks Tags removed only by person that applied it Legible and understandable Securely attached

"Education is the beginning of safety"

Employee Training Periodic inspections

Shutdown equipment and apply device Render safe" stored or residual energy Verify isolation/deenergization Removal of locks and tags Additional and safety requirements.
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Applications for controls and lockout/tagout devices

Inspections must be performed at least annually.

Evaluating Lockout/Tagout Programs

Here are some questions developed by Linda F. Johnson that can be used to evaluate an organizations lockout/tagout programs. Are all machinery or equipment capable of movement required to be deenergized or disengaged and blocked or locked out during cleaning, servicing, asjusting or setting up operations? Where the power disconnect equipment does not disconnect the electrical control circuit are the appropriate electrical enclosures identified?
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Here are some important general precautions that can be used in handling machines: All operators should be trained in the safe operation and maintenance of their machine. All machine operators should be trained in the emergency procedures to take when accidents occur. All employees should know how to activate emergency shutdown controls. This means knowing where the controls are and how to activate them.
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Machine safeguarding should be organized, systematic and comprehensive. A companys safeguarding program should have at least the following elements. Safeguarding policy that is part of a broader companywide safety and health policy Machine hazard analysis Lockout/tagout (materials and procedures) Employee training Comprehensive documentation Periodic safeguarding audits
"Education is the beginning of safety"

Problem

Action

Machine is operating without the safety guard.

Maintenance worker is cleaning a machine that is operating.

Stop machine immediately and activate the safety guard.

Stop machine immediately and lock or tag it out.

Visitor to the shop is wearing a necktie as he observed a lathe in operation.

An operator is observed disabling a guard. A robot is operating without a protective barrier A machine guard has a sharp, ragged edge.

Immediately pull the visitor back and have him remove the tie.
Stop the operator, secure the guard, and take disciplinary actions. Stop the robot and erect a barrier immediately. Stop the machine and eliminate the sharp edge and ragged burrs by rounding it off.

"Education is the beginning of safety"