HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

SYLLABUS
It is branch of science which deals with the study of
heat transfer rate and the mechanism of heat transfer.
Thermodynamics Vs Heat transfer
Thermodynamics tells us:
How much heat is transferred (Q)
How much work is done (W)
Final state of the system
Heat transfer tells us:
How (with what modes) Q is transferred
At what rate Q is transferred
Temperature distribution inside the body
MODE OF HEAT TRANSFER
Conduction
Conduction is the flow of heat in a substance due to exchange of energy between molecules having
more energy and molecules having less energy.

[ solids Lattice vibrations, (ii) motion of free electrons]
[ fluids conduction is due to collision between the molecules caused by the random motion]

-needs matter (solid liquid, gas)
-molecular phenomenon (diffusion process)
-without bulk motion of matter

Convection
The transfer of energy from one region to another region due to macroscopic motion in fluid, added
on to the energy transfer by conduction is called heat transfer by conduction.

-heat carried away by bulk motion of fluid
-needs fluid matter
Forced Convection :: fluid motion is caused by an external agency.
Natural Convection:: fluid motion occurs due to density variations caused by temperature differences.
Radiation
All the physical matter emits thermal radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves because of
vibrational and rotational movements of the molecules and atoms which make up the matter.

-does not needs matter
-transmission of energy by electromagnetic waves
Radiation increases with the temperature level
MODE OF HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTION- MECHANISM
CONDUCTION:
Conduction is the transfer of energy from more energetic
particles of a substance to the adjacent less energetic
one as a result of interactions between the particles.
In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions
and diffusion of the molecules during their random
motion.
In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of the
molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by free
electrons.
Micro form of heat transfer
FOURIERS LAW

q =-KA( dT / dX)
CONCECTION-MECHANISM
Convection: Heat transfer between a solid surface and an adjacent
gas or liquid. It is the combination of conduction and flow motion.
Heat transferred from a solid surface to a liquid adjacent is
conduction. And then heat is brought away by the flow motion.
Newton's law of cooling:

where
h = Convection heat transfer coefficient
Ts = Temperature of the solid surface
Tf = Temperature of the fluid
Macroform of heat transfer
CONVECTION
NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING
q = hA (T
s
-T
f
)
RADIATION-MECHANISM
Radiation: The energy emitted by matter in
the form of electromagnetic waves as a
result of the changes in the electronic
configurations of the atoms or molecules.
Stefan - Boltzmann law:
where
= Stefan - Boltzmann constant
= emissivity
Ts = Surface temperature of the object
q = AT
4
Conduction- Convection- Radiation
The three modes of heat transfer always exist simultaneously. For
example, the heat transfer associated with double pane windows
are:
Conduction: Hotter (cooler) air outside each pane causes
conduction through solid glass.
Convection: Air between the panes carries heat from hotter pane to
cooler pane.
Radiation: Sunlight radiation passes through glass to be absorbed
on other side.


Examples for different mode of heat transfer:

Conduction:
Heat loss through thermal insulation on steam pipe

Convection:
Heat transfer to water flowing through a pipe in condenser

Radiation:
Heat transfer in an electric furnace

Conduction, Convection and Radiation:
Solar energy used water heater

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction
Newtons Law of Cooling
Laws of Thermal Radiation
LAWS FOR HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTION
4
T q o =
CONVECTION

NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING





RADIATION

STEFAN BOLTZMAN
LAW




q=-KA( dT / dX)
Assumptions:
Steady state
Unidirectional heat flow
Const. temperature gradient
Linear profile
No internal heat generation
Isothermal bounding surface
Homogeneous
Isotropic
Applicable to solid, liquid, gas
q=AT
4
q= hA (Tw-T)
T h q V = .
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
X
T
K q .
FOURIERS LAW
q = AT
4
ELECTRICAL &THERMAL ANALOGY
THERMAL RESISTANCE
(ELECTRICAL ANALOGY)

OHMs LAW :Flow of Electricity

V=I R
elect

Voltage Drop = Current flowResistance




Temp Drop=Heat FlowResistance

T= q Rtherm
Thermal Analogy To OHMS Law
PLANE WALL-UNIDIRECTIONAL
PLANE WALL -SERIES
PLANE WALL IN SERIES
PLANE WALL -PARALLEL
PLANE WALL-PARALLEL
PLANE WALL-COMBINATION
PLANE WALL-FILM RESISTANCE
PLANE WALL- THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE

PLANE WALL- THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE

At the joining surface of the two slabs air is trapped in voids due to surface irregularities.
CYLINDER-SOLID
HEAT TRANSFER IN SOLID CYLINDER
HEAT TRANSFER RATE IN HOLLOW CYLINDER
HEAT TRANSFER RATE IN HOLLOW CYLINDER-COMPOSITE
HEAT TRANSFER RATE IN HOLLOW CYLINDER-MULTY
LAYER
HEAT TRANSFER HOLLOW CYLINDER-MULTY LAYER
HEAT TRANSFER HOLLOW CYLINDER-MULTY LAYER
HEAT TRANSFER IN SPHERE
HEAT TRANSFER IN SPHERE -MULTY LAYER
HEAT TRANSFER IN SPHERE -MULTY LAYER
Problem 1.
The wall in a furnace consists of 125 mm thick refractory bricks and
125 mm thick insulating fire bricks separated by an air gap. A 12 mm
thick plaster covers the outer wall. The inner surface of wall is at 1100
o
C
and the ambient temperature 25
o
C. the heat transfer coefficient on the
outer wall to the air is 17 W/m
2
K and the resistance to heat flow of the
air gap is 0.16 K/W. the thermal conductivities of refractory brick,
insulating firebrick and plaster are 1.6, 0.3 and 0.14 W/mK, respectively.
Calculate,
(a). the rate of heat loss per unit area of the wall surface,
(b). the interface temperatures throughout the wall
(c). the temperature at the outside surface of the wall.
Problem 2:
Two large aluminum plates (k=240 W/mK) each 2 cm thick,
with 10 m surface roughness are placed in contact under
10
5
N/m
2
pressure in air. The temperature at the outside
surfaces are 390
o
C and 406
o
C.
Calculate :
A) the heat flux,
B) the temperature drop due to the contact resistance
C) the contact temperatures.
Thermal contact resistance with air as the interfacial fluid for
10 m roughness is 2.75*10
-4
m
2
K/W.
Problem 3:
Steam at 350
o
C flowing in a pipe (k=80 W/mK) of 5 cm
inner diameter and 5.6 cm outer diameter is covered with 3
cm thick insulation of k=0.05 W/mK. Heat is lost to
surroundings at 5
o
C by natural convection and radiation,
the combined h being 20 W/m
2
K. Taking the heat transfer
coefficient inside the pipe as 60 W/m
2
K,
Determine
A) the rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of
the pipe
B) the temperature drop across the pipe and the insulation.

PROBLEM:4
A nuclear reactor has a sperical pressure vessel 750 mm inside
diameter 80 mm wall thickness. The temperature at the inner surface
is 500
o
C . If the tempertarue at the outer surface is 495
o
C.
Calculate:
a) The rate of heat loss through the metal wall
b) If the rate of heat loss is to limited to 305W,how much inulation
thickness needs to be applied?
Thermal conductivity of steel wall=46 W/m
o
C
Thermal conductivity of insulation=0.04 W/m
o
C
Film coefficient of heat tranfer at inner and outer surface are 200
W/m
2 o
C and 15 W/m
2 o
C . Ambient air temperature=28
o
C
CRITICAL RADIUS
The radius upto which heat flow increases and after
decreases. At critical radius q becomes q
max
.
The addition of insulation always increases (R
th
)
cond
.
R
total
= (R
th
)
cond +
(R
th
)
conv
The addition of insulation may reduce the (R
th
)
conv
due to
increase in surface area.
r
1
<r
c

-heat transfer increases by adding insulation till r
1=
r
c
. If
insulation thickness is further increased, the rate of heat
loss will decrease.
r
1
>

r
c

- heat transfer decreases by adding insulation above the r
c


Plane wall-
Insulation
thickness -study
Cylinder & Sphere-
Insulation thickness -
study
Problem#5
A 3mm diameter and 5 mm long electric wire is tightly
wrapped with a 2 mm thick plastic cover whose K=0.15
w/m
o
C. Electrical measurements indicate that a current
of 10 A passes through the wire and there is a voltage
drop of 8 V along the wire. If the insulated wire is
exposed to a medium at T
o
=30
o
C with a heat transfer
coefficient of h=12 w/m
2o
C. Determine the temperature
at the interface of the wire and the plastic cover in
steady operation. Also determine whether doubling the
thickness of the plastic cover will increase or decrease
this interface temperature.
t d
x
T
dz dy K Q
x x
. ) . (
c
c
=
dx Q
x
Q Q
x x dx x
] [
c
c
+ =
+
dx d
x
T
dz dy K
x
Q Q dQ
x dx x x x
]. . ). . ( [ ) ( t
c
c

c
c
= =
+
) 1 ( ) . . . ]( [ ) (
c
c
c
c
= t d dz dy dx
x
T
K
x
dQ
x x
GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES
Consider an unsteady (transient) three dimensional heat conduction with internal heat
generation in heterogeneous & anisotropic PLANE WALL.
Cartesian co-ordinates: x, y, z
Elemental length: dx,dy,dz
Consider an elemental volume ABCDEFGH = (dx.dy.dz)
Let,
Temperature distribution is a function of T=T(x,y,z,t)
Let,

=internal heat generation per unit volume per unit time (W/ m
3
)
q= rate of heat flow (W)
Q= q.dt=total heat flow (J)
=mass density of the material element(kg/m
3
)
C
p
=specific heat of the material element (J/kg K)
-
g
q
Plane (y - z) : x direction:
Quantity of heat leaving from the face EFGH in X direction,

Quantity of heat flowing into the face ABCD in X direction,



Heat accumulation in the element due to heat flow by conduction in X direction,

t d
y
T
dz dx K Q
y y
. ) . (
c
c
=
dy Q
y
Q Q
y y dy y
] [
c
c
+ =
+
dy d
y
T
dz dx K
y
Q Q dQ
y dy y y y
]. . ). . ( [ ) ( t
c
c

c
c
= =
+
) 2 ( ) . . . ]( [ ) (
c
c
c
c
= t d dz dy dx
y
T
K
y
dQ
y y
Plane (x - z) : y direction:
Quantity of heat flowing into the face ABFE in Y direction,



Heat accumulation in the element due to heat flow by conduction in Y direction,

t d
z
T
dy dx K Q
z z
. ) . (
c
c
=
dz Q
z
Q Q
z z dz z
] [
c
c
+ =
+
dz d
z
T
dy dx K
z
Q Q dQ
z dz z z z
]. . ). . ( [ ) ( t
c
c

c
c
= =
+
) 3 ( ) . . . ]( [ ) (
c
c
c
c
= t d dz dy dx
z
T
K
z
dQ
z z
Plane (x - y) : z direction:
Quantity of heat flowing into the face ADHE in Z direction,



Heat accumulation in the element due to heat flow by conduction in Z direction,

Quantity of heat leaving from the face DCGH in Y direction,

Quantity of heat leaving from the face BCGF in Z direction,

) 4 ( ). . . ( ) ( =
- -
t d dz dy dx q Q
g
g

Total amount of internal heat generation in the element ,

E
in
+ E
gen
= E
out
+E
st (E
in
- E
out
)+ E
gen
=E
st
t
t t t
c
c
= +
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
-
T
C d dz dy dx d dz dy dx q d dz dy dx
z
T
K
z y
T
K
y x
T
K
x
p g z y x
. ). . . . ( ) . . . ( . ) . . . )].( . ( ) . ( ) . ( [
t

c
c
=
-
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c T
p
C
g
q
z
T
z
K
z y
T
y
K
y x
T
x
K
x
] . [ ] . [ ] . [
st g z y x
Q Q dQ dQ dQ
= + + +
-
) (
) 5 ( . ) . . ( ) (
c
c
= t
t
d
T
C dz dy dx Q
p st
Total heat energy stored in the element ,
(i.e, thermal energy of the element can be increased because of heat accumulation in the element due to heat flow
& internal heat generation.)

) ( volume m =
t
t
d
T
mC Q
p st
. ) (
c
c
=

c
c
= + V V
-
T
C q T K
p g
) .(

K K Ky Kx
z
= = =
If material is homogeneous & isotropic,

t

c
c
=
-
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c T
p
C
g
q
z
T
z y
T
y x
T
x
K ]} [ ] [ ] [ {
t

c
c
=
-
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c T
K
p
C
K
g
q
z
T
y
T
x
T
2
2
2
2
2
2

t o c
c
=
-
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c T
K
g
q
z
T
y
T
x
T
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
Thermal diffusivity
=
p
C
K

o
t o c
c
= + V
-
T
K
q
T
g
.
1
2
according to thermodynamics first law,
) , , ( z r u
) , , ( dz rd dr u
) . . ( dz rd dr u
Cylindrical polar co-ordinates:
Elemental length:
Consider an elemental volume ABCDEFGH =
GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
-
g
q
Consider an unsteady (transient) three dimensional heat conduction with internal heat
generation in heterogeneous & anisotropic cylindrical geometries (e.g., rods and pipes).
) , , , ( t u z r T
Let,
Temperature distribution is a function of T=
Let,

=internal heat generation per unit volume per unit time (W/ m
3
)
q= rate of heat flow (W)
Q= q.dt=total heat flow (J)
=mass density of the material element(kg/m
3
)
C
p
=specific heat of the material element (J/kg K)
plane r direction z
plane z r direction
plane z direction r
) ( ' '
) ( ' '
) ( ' '
u
u
u



Let,
Heat flow in ,
dr d
r
T
dz rd K
r
dQ
Q Q dQ
r r
dr r r r
]. . ) . .( [ t u
c
c

c
c
=
=
+
) 1 ( ] . [ . . . . .
c
c
c
c
=
r
T
r
r
d dr dz d K dQ
r r
t u
Heat accumulation in the element due to heat flow by conduction in r direction,

u t
u u
u u
u u u u
rd d
r
T
dz dr K
r
dQ
Q Q dQ
d
]. . ) . .( [
c
c

c
c
=
=
+
] [ .
. . . .
2
u u
t u
u
u
c
c
c
c
=
T
r
d dr dz rd K
dQ
) 2 ( ] .[
. . . .
2
2
2

c
c
=
u
t u
u
u
T
r
d dr dz rd K
dQ
Heat accumulation in the element due to heat flow by conduction in u direction,

Plane (z-u ) : r direction:
t u d
r
T
dz rd K Q
r r
c
c
= ) . (
dr Q
r
Q Q
r r dr r
] [
c
c
+ =
+
Quantity of heat leaving from the face EFGH in r direction,

Quantity of heat flowing into the face ABCD in r direction,

Plane (r-z) : u direction:
Quantity of heat leaving from the face AEGC in u direction,

t
u
u u
d
r
T
dz dr K Q . ). . (
c
c
=
u
u
u u u u
rd Q
r
Q Q
d
]. [
c
c
+ =
+
Quantity of heat flowing into the face BFHD in u direction,

) 3 ( ) ).( . . . (
2
2

c
c
=
z
T
dz dr rd K dQ
z z
u
) 5 ( . ) . . ( ) (
c
c
= t
t
u d
T
C dz dr rd Q
p st
) 4 ( ). . . ( ) ( =
- -
t u d dz dr rd q Q
g
g

Total amount of internal heat generation in the element ,

Total heat energy stored in the element ,
(i.e, thermal energy of the element can be increased because of heat accumulation in the
element due to heat flow & internal heat generation.)

according to thermodynamics first law,

E
in
+ E
gen
= E
out
+ E
st

(E
in
E
out
) + E
gen
= E
st

) ( volume m =

) ( ). . . . (
z
T
z
dz dr rd K dQ
z z
c
c
c
c
= u
Heat accumulation in the element due to heat flow by conduction in z direction,

dz d
z
T
dr rd K
z
dQ
Q Q dQ
z z
dz z z z
]. . ) . .( [ t u
c
c

c
c
=
=
+

t
t
d
T
mC Q
p st
. ) (
c
c
=

Plane (r-u) : z direction:

t u d
z
T
dr rd K Q
z z
. ). . (
c
c
=
dz Q
z
Q Q
z z dz z
]. [
c
c
+ =
+
Quantity of heat leaving from the face CDHG in z direction,

Quantity of heat flowing into the face ABFE in z direction,

st g z r
Q Q dQ dQ dQ = + + +
-
) (
u
r
r
] . [ ). . . . . (
r
T
r
r
d dr dz d K
r
c
c
c
c
t u
] .[
) . . . . (
2
2
2
u
t u
u
c
c T
r
d dr dz rd K
) ).( . . . . (
2
2
z
T
d dz dr rd K
z
c
c
t u t u d dz dr rd q
g
). . . (
-
t
t
u d
T
C dz dr rd
p
. ) . . (
c
c
+
+
+
=
t

c
c
= + V V
-
T
C q T K
p g
) .(
K K K K
z r
= = =
u
[
g
q
-
) . ( .
1
.
r
T
r
r r
K
r
c
c
c
c
) .(
1
.
2
2
2
u
u
c
c T
r
K
) (
2
2
z
T
K
z
c
c
). . . . ( t u d dz dr rd
) . . . .( . t u
t
d dz dr rd
T
C
p
c
c
+
+
+
]. =
If material is homogeneous & isotropic,

) . ( .
1
r
T
r
r r c
c
c
c
) .(
1
2
2
2
u c
c T
r
) (
2
2
z
T
c
c
K
q
g
-
t

c
cT
K
C
p
.
) . ( .
1
r
T
r
r r c
c
c
c
) .(
1
2
2
2
u c
c T
r
) (
2
2
z
T
c
c
K
q
g
-
t o c
cT
.
1
+ +
+
=
) . ( .
1
.
r
T
r
r r
K
r
c
c
c
c
) .(
1
.
2
2
2
u
u
c
c T
r
K
) (
2
2
z
T
K
z
c
c
g
q
-
t

c
cT
C
p
.
+
+ +
=
+
+
+
=
Thermal diffusivity
t o c
c
= + V
-
T
K
q
T
g
.
1
2
=
p
C
K

o
(E
in
E
out
) + E
gen
= E
st
) , , , ( t | u r T
) , , ( | u r
) sin , , ( | u u d r rd dr
) sin . . ( | u u d r rd dr
plane r direction
plane r direction
plane direction r
) ( ' '
) ( ' '
) ( ' '
u |
| u
| u



Spherical polar co-ordinates:
Elemental length:
Consider an elemental volume ABCDEFGH =
GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES
Let,

=internal heat generation per unit volume per unit time (W/ m
3
)
q= rate of heat flow (W)
Q= q.dt=total heat flow (J)
=mass density of the material element(kg/m
3
)
C
p
=specific heat of the material element (J/kg K)
-
g
q
Consider an unsteady (transient) three dimensional heat conduction with internal heat generation
in heterogeneous & anisotropic spherical geometries.
Let,
Temperature distribution is a function of T=
X
Y
Z
t | u u d
r
T
d r rd K Q
r r
c
c
= ) sin . (
dr Q
r
Q Q
r r dr r
] [
c
c
+ =
+
dr d
r
T
d r rd K
r
dQ
Q Q dQ
r r
dr r r r
]. . ) sin . .( [ t u u
c
c

c
c
=
=
+
) 1 ( ] . ( .[ . . . sin . .
2

c
c
c
c
=
r
T
r
r
d dr d d K dQ
r r
t | u u
Plane (u|) : r direction:
Quantity of heat flowing into the face ABCD in r direction,

Quantity of heat leaving from the face EFGH in r direction,

Heat accumulation in the element due to heat flow by conduction in r direction,

t
u
| u
u u
d
r
T
d r dr K Q . ). sin . (
c
c
=
u
u
u u u u
rd Q
r
Q Q
d
]. [
c
c
+ =
+
u t
u
| u
u
u u
u u u u
rd d
r
T
d r dr K
r
dQ
Q Q dQ
d
]. . ) sin . .( [
c
c

c
c
=
=
+
] ) [(sin .
. . . . .
2
u
u
u
u |
u
u
c
c
c
c
=
T
r
d r d r dr K
dQ
) 2 ( ] ) (sin .[
. . . .
2

c
c
c
c
=
u
u
u
t | u
u
u
T
r
d rd rd dr K
dQ
Quantity of heat leaving from the face BFHD in u direction,

Heat accumulation in the element due to heat flow by conduction in u direction,

X
Y
Z
Plane (r-| ) : u direction:
Quantity of heat flowing into the face AEGC in u direction,

t
| u
u
| |
d
r
T
dr rd K Q .
sin
). . (
c
c
=
| u
| u
| | | |
d r Q
r
Q Q
d
sin ]. [
sin c
c
+ =
+
| u t
| u
u
| u
| |
| | | |
d r d
r
T
dr rd K
r
dQ
Q Q dQ
d
sin ]. .
sin
) . .( [
sin c
c

c
c
=
=
+
] [ .
sin . sin .
) . sin . . . (
| | u u
t | u u
|
|
c
c
c
c
=
T
r r
d d r dr rd K
dQ
) 3 ( ) .(
sin
) . sin . . . . (
2
2
2 2
2

c
c
=
| u
t u | u
|
|
T
r
d d d dr r K
dQ
Plane (r-u) : | direction:
Quantity of heat flowing into the face ABFE in | direction,

Heat accumulation in the element due to heat flow by conduction in z direction,

) 4 ( ). sin . . ( ) ( =
- -
t | u u d d r rd dr q Q
g
g
) 5 ( . ) . sin . . ( ) (
c
c
= t
t
| u u d
T
C d r rd dr Q
p st

Total amount of internal heat generation in the element ,

Total heat energy stored in the element ,
(E
in
E
out
) + E
gen
= E
st
t
t
d
T
mC Q
p st
. ) (
c
c
= ) ( volume m =

Quantity of heat leaving from the face CDHG in | direction,

according to thermodynamics first law,

E
in
+ E
gen
= E
out
+ E
st

X
Y
Z
st g r
Q Q dQ dQ dQ = + + +
-
) (
| u
+
c
c
c
c
] . ( .[ . . . sin . .
2
r
T
r
r
d dr d d K
r
t | u u
+
c
c
c
c
] ) (sin .[
. . . .
2
u
u
u
t | u
u
T
r
d rd rd dr K
) .(
sin
) . sin . . . . (
2
2
2 2
2
| u
t u | u
|
c
c T
r
d d d dr r K
t | u u d d r rd dr q
g
). sin . . (
-
+ t
t
| u u d
T
C d r rd dr
p
. ) . sin . . (
c
c
=
2
2
r
r
u
u
sin
sin
+
c
c
c
c
] . ( [
2
2
r
T
r
r r
K
r
+
c
c
c
c
] ) (sin .[
sin .
2
u
u
u u
u
T
r
K
) .(
sin
2
2
2 2
| u
|
c
c T
r
K
g
q
-
+
t

c
c
=
T
C
p
+
c
c
c
c
] . ( [
1
.[
2
2
r
T
r
r r
K
+
c
c
c
c
] ) (sin .[
sin .
1
2
u
u
u u
T
r
)] .(
sin
1
2
2
2 2
| u c
c T
r
g
q
-
+
t

c
c
=
T
C
p
+
c
c
c
c
] . ( [
1
[
2
2
r
T
r
r r
+
c
c
c
c
] ) (sin .[
sin .
1
2
u
u
u u
T
r
)] .(
sin
1
2
2
2 2
| u c
c T
r
K
q
g
-
+
t

c
c
=
T
K
C
p
+
c
c
c
c
] . ( [
1
[
2
2
r
T
r
r r
+
c
c
c
c
] ) (sin .[
sin .
1
2
u
u
u u
T
r
)] .(
sin
1
2
2
2 2
| u c
c T
r
K
q
g
-
+
t o c
c
=
T 1
K K K K
r
= = =
| u
If material is homogeneous & isotropic,

t

c
c
= + V V
-
T
C q T K
p g
) .(
t o c
c
= + V
-
T
K
q
T
g
.
1
2
=
p
C
K

o
Thermal diffusivity
(E
in
E
out
) + E
gen
= E
st
General Heat Conduction Equation
PLANE WALL CYLINDER SPHERE
Temperature profile
Plane wall
Sphere
Cylinder
A copper conductor (k = 380 W/m
o
C, resistivity = 2x10
-8
m)
having inner and outer radii 1.0 cm and 2.25 cm respectively is
carrying a current density of 4800 amperes/ cm
2
. the conductor is
internally cooled and a constant temperature of 65
o
C is maintained
at the inner surface and there is no heat transfer through the
insulation surrounding the conductor .
Determine:
(i) The maximum temperature of the conductor and the radius at
which it occurs,
(ii) The internal heat transfer rate
A chemical reaction takes place in a packed bed (k=0.6 W/m
o
C)
between two coaxial cylinders with radii 15 mm and 45 mm. the
inner surface is at 580
o
C and it is insulated . Assuming the reaction
rate of 0.55 MW/m
3
in the reactor volume , find the temperature at
the outer surface of the reactor.
A current of 300 amperes passes through a stainless steel wire of
2.5 mm diameter and k=20 W/m
o
C. The resistivity of the wire is
70x10
-8
ohm-m and length of the wire is 2 m. if the wire is
submerged in a fluid maintained at 50
o
C and h at the wire surface
is 4000 W/m
2o
C, calculate the steady state temperature at the
centre and at the surface of the wire.
An approximately spherical shaped orange ( k=0.23
W/m
o
C), 90 mm diameter, undergoes ripping process
and generates 5100 W/m
3
of energy. If external surface
the orange is at 8
o
C, determine:
(i) temperature at the centre of the orange and
(ii) heat flow from the outer surface of the orange.
FINS:
External surfaces to used to cooling area and hence convection
heat transfer can be improved.
APPLICATIONS:
IC engine cylinder ( air cooling), Heat exchangers, automobile
radiators, computer chip, refrigerators, electric motors, generators
and transformers etc.,
ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANFER
THROUGH FIN:
1. Fin material is homogenous and isotropic, const.thermal
conductivity.
2. Temperature at any c/s of the fin is uniform.
3. h is uniform over entire surface.
4. No internal heat generation.
5. Thermal contact resistance is negligible.
6. Radiation heat transfer is negligible.
7. Heat conduction is steady state and one dimensional.

Problem #1

A stainless steel fin (k=20 W/mK) having a diameter of 20 mm and a
length of 0.1 m is attached to a wall at 300
o
C. The ambient
temperature is 50
o
C and the heat transfer coefficient is 10 W/m
2
K.
The fin tip is insulated. Determine
(A) The rate of heat dissipation from the fin,
(B) The temperature at the fin tip
(C) The rate of heat transfer from the wall area covered by the fin if
the fin was not used
(D) The heat transfer rate from the same fin geometry if the stainless
steel fin is replaced by a fictitious fin with infinite thermal
conductivity.



Problem#2
One end of a long rod is inserted into a furnace while the other
projects into ambient temperature. Under steady state the
temperature of the rod is measured at two points 75mm apart and
found to be 125
o
C and 88.5
o
C, respectively., while the ambient
temperature is 20
o
C. If the rod is 25mm in diameter and h is 23.36
W/m
2
K
Find the thermal conductivity of the rod material.