Mathematic Form 4

CHAPTER 1: STANDARD FORM AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Standard Form: a 10n 1 a < 10, n is an integer 215000 = 2.15 105 0.000324 = 3.24 10 Significant Figure:
-4

Big number, n is positive Small number, n is negative

1268954 = 1270000 to 3 significant figure 0.003674 = 0.00367 to 3 sig. fig.

CHAPTER 2: QUADRATIC EXPRESSION AND EQUATIONS Expansion: (2x 5)(x + 3) = 2x2 + 6x 5x 15 = 2x2 + x 15 Factorisation: 3x2 - x 2 = (3x + 2)(x 1)

Quadratic Equation: 2x2 5x 3 = 0 (2x + 1)(x 3) = 0 2x + 1 = 0, x 3 = 0,

1 x= 2
x=3

CHAPTER 3: SET Symbol - intersection - union - subset - universal set , { } - empty set - is a member of n(A) number of element in set A. A complement of set A.

The complement of set A = A'

Operations on Set

(A B) C

(P Q) R

Clone 2005 The Venn diagram shows the sets K, L and M with the elements. It is given that the universal set = K L M and n(K) = n(L M).
K a-3 2 a-2 2 2 M 8 L

n(K) = 2 + 8 + 2 = 12 n(L M) = a 2 + 8 =a+6 a + 6 = 12 a=6

Find the value of a

CHAPTER 4: MATHEMATICAL REASONING (a) Statement A mathematical sentence which is either true or false but not both. 3+4=7 32 = 6 x+5=8 A true statement A false statement Not a statement because it is not known whether it is true or false.

(b)

Implication If a, then b a antecedent b consequent If x is an even number, then x is divisible by two Antecedent: Consequent: x is an even number x is divisible by two.

p if and only if q can be written in two implications: 1. If p, then q 2. If q, then p x + 2 = 5 if and only if x = 3 1. If x + 2 = 5, then x = 3 2. If x = 3, then x + 2 = 5

(c)

Argument Three types of argument: Type I Premise 1: All A are B Premise 2 : C is A Conclusion: C is B Type II Premise 1: If A, then B Premise 2: A is true Conclusion: B is true. Type III Premise 1: If A, then B Premise 2: Not B is true. Conclusion: Not A is true.

INDUCTION: Make a general conclusion by induction for the numerical sequence: 7 = 6(1)2 + 1 25 = 6(2)2 + 1 55 = 6(3)2 + 1 97 = 6(4)2 + 1 . 6(n)2 + 1, n = 1, 2, 3, .

CHAPTER 5: THE STRAIGHT LINE (a) Gradient Gradient of AB = y y 2 1 m = x2 x1

(b) Equation of a straight line Gradient Form: y = mx + c m = gradient c = y-intercept

Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the point A(1, 2) and has a gradient of 3. Solution: Equation of straight line: y = mx + c 2=3+c
Eqn

Substitute A(1, 2) and m = 3, c = -1

Equation of straight line: y = 3x 1.

Intercept Form:

x y + =1 Intercept Form: a b
a = xintercept b = yintercept

y -int ercept b = Gradient = x-intercept a

Parallel Lines The gradient of two parallel lines are equal. m1 = m2 OPQR is a parallelogram. Find 5 (a) the coordinates of Q (b) the equation of QR Solution: (a) Q(4, 7) (b) Gradient of OP = mOP = c = 5, Eqn of QR: y =

20 1 = = mQR 40 2
1 x+5 2

CHAPTER 6: STATISTICS (a) Mean

x=
= (b)

x
n

for ungrouped data.

n = number of data

fx for grouped data. f

x = mid point

Mode Mode is the data with highest frequency.

(d)

Class, Modal Class, Class Interval Size, Midpoint, Cumulative frequency, Ogive Example : The table below shows the time taken by 80 students to type a document. For the class 10 14 : Lower limit = 10 min Upper limit = 14 min Time (min) Frequency Lower boundary = 9.5 min Upper boundary = 14.5 min 10-14 1 Class interval size = Upper 15-19 7 boundary lower boundary 20-24 12 25-29 21 = 14.5 9.5 = 5 min 30-34 19 Modal class = 25 29 min 35-39 12 Midpoint of modal class 40-44 6 45-49 2 =

25+ 29 = 27 2

Ogive To draw an ogive, a table of upper boundary and cumulative frequency has to be constructed. Time (min) 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Frequency 0 1 7 12 21 19 12 6 2 Upper boundary 9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5 44.5 49.5 Cumulative frequency 0 1 8 20 41 60 72 78 80

From the ogive : Median = 29.5 min First quartile = 24. 5 min Third quartile = 34 min Interquartile range = 34 24. 5 = 9.5 min.

Histogram, Frequency Polygon (e) Histogram, Frequency Polygon Example: The table shows the marks obtained by a group of students in a test. Marks 1 10 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50 Frequency 2 8 16 20 4

CHAPTER 7: PROBABILITY Definition of Probability n( ) A A (a) Probability that event A happen, P ( ) =

n( ) S

S = sample space (b) Complementary Event P(A ) = 1 P(A) Probability of Combined Events For mutually exclusive events, A B = P(A or B) = P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) For Independent Events. P(A and B) = P(A B) = P(A) P(B)

(c) (i)

(ii)

CHAPTER 8: CIRCLES III Circle Theorems

C y O x A
O O

C y
O

C
D

9
x
O

0 B

Angle at the centre = 2 angle at the circumference x = 2y

Angles in the same segment are equal x=y

Angle in a semicircle ACB = 90o

Sum of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral = 180o a + b = 180o

The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle. a=b

Angle between a tangent and a radius = 90o OPQ = 90o

T
y
o

O
xo

S
The angle between a tangent and a chord is equal to the angle in the alternate segment. x=y If PT and PS are tangents to a circle, PT = PS TPO = SPO TOP = SOP

CLONE 2004: CDE is a tangent to the circle. Find the value of x. A. 16o C. 20o B. 18o D. 22o

Solution: G = 48o

180 o 48 o GFD = = 66 o 2

x = 66o 48o = 18o

Answer: B

CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY
Opposite AB = sin = hypotenuse AC

adjacent BC = cos = hypotenuse AC

opposite AB = tan = adjacent BC

Add Sugar To Coffee

CLONE 2005: Find the value of cos .

5 A. 12
5 C. 12
Solution:

5 B. 13 5 D. 13

5 cos = - cos EGF = 13

Ans: B

TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS y = sin x

y = cos x

y = tan x

CHAPTER 10: ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION Angle of Elevation The angle of elevation is the angle betweeen the horizontal line drawn from the eye of an observer and the line joining the eye of the observer to an object which is higher than the observer. The angle of elevation of B from A is BAC

Angle of Depression The angle of depression is the angle between the horizontal line from the eye of the observer an the line joining the eye of the observer to an object which is lower than the observer. The angle of depression of B from A is BAC.

CHAPTER 11: LINES AND PLANES Angle Between a Line and a Plane In the diagram, BC is the normal line to the plane PQRS. AB is the orthogonal projection of the line AC to the plane PQRS. The angle between the line AC and the plane PQRS is BAC

Angle Between Two Planes In the diagram, The plane PQRS and the plane TURS intersects at the line RS. MN and KN are any two lines drawn on each plane which are perpendicular to RS and intersect at the point N. The angle between the plane PQRS and the plane TURS is MNK.

What is the angle between the plane MRS and the base RSTU?

The angle between the plane MRS and the base RSTU is MNK Note that MNK MRU MST

The diagram shows a cuboid with a horizontal base ABCD.

The angle between the planes BQD and ABQP is A. PQD B. ABD C. PBD D. QBD

Clone June 2005 P2 The diagram shows a right prism with a rectangle PQRS as its horizontal base. The right angled triangle UQR is the uniform cross section of the prism. The rectangle PQUT is inclined. Calculate the angle between the plane TRQ and the base PQRS. Solution: The angle between the plane TRQ and PQRS is TRS

8 tan TRS = 15 8 -1 TRS = tan = 28o 4' 15