Chapter 2

World Civilizations
The Global Experience

AP* Sixth Edition
Chapter
Classical Civilization: China
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert
Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Establishment of Political Order

New order from 700s B.C.E.
New political structures Zhou, Qin, then Han rule Establishment of enduring institutions
China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era

Han Dynasty
Overthrew Qin in 207 B.C.E. Ruled for four centuries Long-lasting, stable bureaucracy Rise of Chinese sense of uniqueness

Cultural traditions
Broad isolation Enduring philosophy of yin and yang
( Dao-keeping a harmony and balance of opposites)
Patterns in Classical China

Pattern established
New dynasty
Begins rule strong, economic strength Dynasty weakens, revenues decline Internal rebellions and invasions
Succeeding dynasty emerges

Zhou Dynasty (1029-258 B.C.E.)
Came from the north, replacing Shang Had Mandate of Heaven System of indirect rule (Chinese Feudal Period) Territorial expansion (Yangtze R to Huang He R) Some centralization
Linguistic unity Religious practices reshaped

Qin Rule
Originally nomadic, marginal Qui Shi Huangdi ( First Emperor)
Zhou rival Rules from about 200 B.C.E.
Great Wall Great centralization (broke up feudal system, controlled commerce, burned books) Death of Shi Huangdi in 210 B.C.E.
Leads to a period of conflict

The Han Dynasty
Territorial expansion
Contact with India Trade with Roman Empire
Wu Ti (140-87 B.C.E.)
Establishes peaceful rule
Han rule strong until about 220 C.E.

Government allows rule of large territory
Reliance on family structure
Ancestor worship
Local rule weakened

Single law code over all Rule from center out

Strong Bureaucracy
Power of warrior-landlords lessened Examination system put in place by Wu Ti Highly-integrated system
Trained bureaucrats Some limits on imperial power

Roles of the state
Military role not preeminent Economic role
Weights, measures, currency
Public works
Religion and Culture

Confucianism
Concern with stability, peace (force alone can not permanently conquer unrest) An ethical system Role of moral elite
Education central
The Confucian Gentleman

Moral rectitude Public and private spheres equally important Kings should be reminded of duties
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Copyright 2011, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Legalism
Favored a strong state, ruling through force Belief that human nature was basically evil In opposition to Confucianism in many ways
Yet the two often combined in exercise of power

Popular religion
Confucianism has limited appeal Polytheism persists
Conciliation of spirits Family ceremonies

Laozi (400s B.C.E.)
Philosopher Retreat from society State cannot solve all problems Nature
Dao, cosmic force ( way of nature)
Meditation

Literature, Art, and Science
Five Classics (History, speeches, etiquette, songs and poetry)
Combination of genres Basis for government examinations
Decorative arts
Calligraphy
Science concentrated on the practical
Economy and Society

Confucian Social System
Landowning aristocracy and bureaucrats Laboring masses: peasants and artisans The mean people
Unskilled laborers Performing artists Slaves
Economy and Society

Trade and technology
Trade increases under the Zhou and Han
Little respect for trade and merchants
Technology
Plows, new collar for draft animals Iron tools Water-powered mills Ppaer
Economy and Society

Gender and Family Life
Great emphasis on authority Parental authority especially upheld Women subordinate to men
How Chinese Society Fits Together

Isolation
View of surrounding peoples as inferior No missionary desires Buddhism an exception

Social and Cultural Links to Politics
Society viewed as a whole Government and society seen as one Agriculture tied to government through revenue

Complexities in Classical China
Confucianism versus Daoism
Many points of overlap But some antagonism
Balance often upset

Overpopulation might lead to uprisings
Global Connections: Classical China and the World

Qin and Han China
Agriculture permits large population Development of technologies Influence through the Silk Road
China connected with other areas Trade mostly by nomadic merchants
The Middle Kingdom

Influence on surrounding peoples

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World Civilizations

The Global Experience

Classical Civilization: China

Establishment of Political Order

China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era

Establishment of Political Order

Establishment of Political Order

Patterns in Classical China

Succeeding dynasty emerges

Patterns in Classical China

Patterns in Classical China

Patterns in Classical China

Han rule strong until about 220 C.E.

Patterns in Classical China

Local rule weakened

Patterns in Classical China

Patterns in Classical China

Religion and Culture

The Confucian Gentleman

Religion and Culture

Religion and Culture

Religion and Culture

Religion and Culture

Science concentrated on the practical

Economy and Society

Economy and Society

Economy and Society

How Chinese Society Fits Together

How Chinese Society Fits Together

How Chinese Society Fits Together

Balance often upset

Global Connections: Classical China and the World

The Middle Kingdom

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