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Cross links
Cross-links are bonds that link one polymer chain to another. They can be covalent bonds or ionic bonds.
Morphology of wool
Protein as a ampholytes
Ampholytes are molecules containing both acidic and basic groups. All of the common amino acids found in proteins are ampholytes because they contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) that acts as an acid and an amino group (-NH2) that acts as a base.
Keratin : it is form by 15 to 20 amino acids gets condensed with each other and form polypeptide chains with condensed matter and COOH Group. Grease : it is soluble in organic solvents like ester of fatty acids or monohydric alcohol. Suint : it is soluble in water and can be isolated form wool by aqueous extraction.it consist of potassium salt of fatty acids and organic amino acids.
Action of heat: Heat at 100 0C over a long period it loses moisture and fibre becomes harsh loses strength. If it returned to moist air again absorbs moisture rapidly. If the 100 0C is exceeded any length of time it decompose will acquire yellow color.
Action of acid
Wool absorbs an acid from soln of acid and holds it firmly even after washing with water due to some amino groups. Nitric acid color changes to bright yellow Dilute acid prolong heating causes to hydrolysis of keratin to a mixture of amino acids. Hydrolysis of peptide linkages results in formation of free carboxyl group. Which increases the capacity of wool to combine with acids.
Wool react immediately with HCl & H2 So4 and become brittle and hard, surface scales of fibre are all deformed. It loses all desirable properties of wool. Dilute mineral acid changes its appearance but not causes changes in physical properties,
Action of Alkalies
Action of caustic soda or NaOH- 5 % soln completely dissolve wool in few min at boiling temp. Strength of wool increases when treated with 15 % NaOH at 19 0C for 5 min. Strong Alkali may act in diff way it hydrolyse main polypeptide chain of protein breaking them down in salt of amino asid.
Biological properties
Wool has resistance to bacteria and mildew. But the stains on wool attacked by them and destroy fibre.
Some wool fabrics are labeled as washable. These fabrics are finished with some special finish or nylon fibres are mixed with wool fibres. So these fabrics should not wash with hot water. Store after cleaning and washing Finish effect on scales.
Books
Textile science by E P G Gohl Introductory Textile science M L Joseph Textile fibre H V S Murthy