Enhance Oil Recovery

OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Outline
Oil Supply/Demand and Distribution of Oil Reserves Oil Recovery Mechanisms and EOR Targets Types of EOR Technologies and EOR Candidates Worldwide EOR Production Average EOR Recovery Factors EOR Economics Reasons for EOR Failures Conclusions
TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company
Oil Consumption and Industrialization

35 30 Per Capita (Bbls / Year 25 20 Oil Consumption Increases Fastest During Early Industrialization
U.S.
15
10 5 0 1900 1910
Japan
South Korea
China India
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Chinese Oil Imports

3,000 50
Net Crude Imports

2,500 2,000
45 40 35 30 25
NYMEX WTI
1,500 1,000 500 0 -500 1Q93
20 15 10 5 1Q94 1Q95 1Q96 1Q97 1Q98 1Q99 1Q00 1Q01 1Q02 1Q03 1Q04 1Q05 0
US$/bbl
kb/d
U.S. Petroleum Production and Imports

12
10 8
Petroleum (MM BBLS/Day)
Domestic Petroleum Production
6 4 2 0 48
Imported Petroleum
53
58
63
68
73
78
83
88
93
98
Year
Regional Distribution of Global Oil Reserves

Others 112B Bbls - 10% North Sea 14B Bbls - 1%
North America 62B Bbls - 4% West Africa 46B Bbls - 4%

North Africa 60B Bbls - 5% South America 62B Bbls - 5% FSU 78B Bbls - 7%
Middle East 734B Bbls - 64%
Oil Recovery Mechanisms

CONVENTIONAL RECOVERY PRIMARY RECOVERY Natural Flow Artificial Lift (Pump, Gas Lift, etc.)
SECONDARY RECOVERY
Waterflood
Pressure Maintenance (Water, Gas Reinjection)
EOR TERTIARY RECOVERY
Thermal
Solvent
Chemical
Other
Adapted from the Oil & Gas Journal, Apr 23, 1990
Primary recovery lasts for several months or years. As the pressure drops, flow slows and operators must use secondary recovery techniques for to recover petroleum. The most common technique: injection of water or gas Water injection also is used to increase production, but usually leads to a quicker reservoir decline and less total production
Tertiary recovery techniques may be used once the injection techniques are ineffective. However, theyre expensive, and thus feasible only if the price of petroleum is high....
Expected Oil Recovery Efficiencies

PRIMARY METHODS Liquid and Rock Expansion Solution Gas Drive Gas Cap Expansion Gravity Drainage Water Influx SECONDARY METHODS Gas Reinjection Waterflooding OOIP (%) Up to 5 20 30 40 60 Up to 70
Sandrea, Oil & Gas Journal (Nov 2007)
EOR Targets: % OOIP

LIGHT OILS HEAVY OILS TAR SANDS
EOR Target 45% OIP
Primary 25% OIP Secondary 30% OIP
Primary 5% OIP
Secondary 5% OIP
EOR Target 100% OIP
EOR Target 90% OIP
Assumes Soi 85% PV and Sw = 15% PV
Thomas, Oil & Gas Science and Technology (2008)
EOR Targets, 2005

Cumulative Production 183 Billion Barrels (45% already abandoned) Discovered Unrecoverable by Current Technology 377 Billion Barrels
Target for EOR Technologies Target for Advanced Exploration Technology

Undiscovered Unrecoverable by Current Technology 37 Billion Barrels
Proven Reserves 22 Billion Barrels Undiscovered Recoverable by Current Technology 30 Billion Barrels
US Department of Energy (2005)
EOR Targets, 2007

United States Canada Rest of World TOTALS (B bbls)
Cumulative Production OPEC (Middle East) Other Conventional Deepwater Arctic Enhanced Oil Recovery Extra Heavy Oil Shale Extract Exploration Potential TOTALS (B bbls)
234 -19 8 5 76 -500 83 925
31 -7 3 3 6 167 4 15 236
813 662 378 50 110 510 227 200 660 3660
1,078 662 404 61 118 592 444 704 758 4,821
Jackson, JPT (2007)
Definition of EOR Oil Recovery by Injection of Fluids not normally present in the reservoir Excludes waterflooding
Thermal EOR Methods

THERMAL
Hot Water CSS

Frac Non-Frac
Steam SAGD
Conductive Heating
In-Situ Forward
Dry Wet W / Additives
Elec. Heat Hi Press. Air Inj.
Steam Flood
Reverse
VAPEX VAPEX + Steam SAGP
THAI CAPRI
Non-Thermal EOR Methods

NON-THERMAL
Miscible
Slug Process Enriched Gas Drive Vaporizing Gas Drive CO2 Miscible
N2
Chemical
Polymer Surfactant Alkaline Micellar ASP Emulsion
Imm. Gas Drives

CO2 Flue Gas Inert Gas
Other
MEOR FOAM
Miscible
Alcohol
EOR vs. Depth

EOR Method
Hydrocarbon Miscible Nitrogen and Flue Gas CO2 Miscible Surfactant Polymer Polymer Alkaline Fireflood Steam Drive
Depth (feet)
2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Deep enough for required pressure Deep enough for required pressure Deep enough for required pressure Limited by temperature Limited by temperature
Deep enough for required pressure
Good
Possible
Fair
Difficult
Not Feasible
Dr. Larry Lake, Oilfield Review (Jan. 1992)
Oil Resources by Depth

TOTAL 12.8 Trillion Barrels
DEEP 21% 2.7 Trillion Bbls (>10,000 Ft)
INTERMEDIATE 45% 5.7 Trillion Bbls (3,500 10,000 Ft)
SHALLOW 34% 4.4 Trillion Bbls (<3,500 Ft)
Sandrea, Oil & Gas Journal (Nov 2007)
Distribution of Global Oil Reserves by Depth

Remaining Reserves (1P), 2006
Conventional
Billion Bbls of Oil Shallow (<3,500 ft) Intermediate (3,500 10,000 ft) Deep (>10,000 ft) 163 % 14
Non-Conventional
Billion Bbls of Oil 293 % 100
663
58
--
--
321 1,147
28 100
-293
-100
HIS, Credit Suisse
EOR vs. Viscosity

EOR Method
Oil Viscosity (centipoise at reservoir conditions)

1.0 100 10,000 1,000,000
Good
Possible
Fair
Difficult
Not Feasible
Gravity Distribution of Worlds Oil

TOTAL 12.8 Trillion Barrels
LIGHT 22% 2.8 Trillion Bbls (>35 gravity)
MEDIUM 44% 5.6 Trillion Bbls (26-35 gravity)
HEAVY 1% 1.4 Trillion Bbls (<26 gravity) EXTRAHEAVY 23% 3.0 Trillion Bbls (<10 gravity)
Sandrea, Oil & Gas Journal (Nov. 2007)
EOR vs. Permeability

EOR Method
Permeability (md)
10 100 Not critical if uniform Not critical if uniform High enough for good injection 1,000 100,000
Good
Possible
Fair
Difficult
Not Feasible
Chemical EOR Processes

Typical Ultimate Recovery (%OOIP) Typical Agent Utilization
Process
Polymer
1 lb polymer / Incremental bbl 10-25 lb surfactant / Incremental bbl

35-45 lb surfactant / Incremental bbl
Micellar / Polymer
15
Alkaline / Polymer
Gas (Miscible and Immiscible)

Typical Ultimate Recovery (%OOIP) 10 - 15 Agent Utilization 10 MCF / Incremental bbl 10 MCF / Incremental bbl
Process Miscible
Immiscible
5 - 10
Thermal Recovery Processes

Typical Ultimate Recovery (%OOIP) 50 - 65 Agent Utilization 0.5 bbl / Net Incremental bbl
Process Steam (drive and soak)
Combustion
10 - 15
10 MCF air / Incremental bbl
EE.UU EOR Production, 2000

800
Nitrogen Injection Production (M BBLS/Day)
HC Gas Injection
600
Flue Gas Injection

400
CO2 Injection
Thermal
200
Chemical
0 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Year
Moritis, Oil & Gas Journal (2000)
EE.UU EOR Production, 2008

800 TOTAL 600 Production (M B/D) Thermal
400
200
Gas
Chemical
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
Est. Worldwide EOR Production, 1990

(M Barrels / Day)
Country USA Canada Europe Venezuela Other S.A. USSR Other (estd.) Total Thermal 454 8 14 108 2 20 171* 777 Miscible 191 127 3 11 NA 90 280** 702 Chemical 11.9 17.2 --NA 50.0 1.5 80.6 EOR Total 656.9 152.2 17.0 119.0 17.0 160.0 452.5 1,574.6 % 42 10 1 7 1 10 29 100
SOURCE: Oil & Gas Journal (1990) * Mainly Indonesia ** Mainly Algeria and Libya
Est. Worldwide EOR Production, 2007

Other 17,800 B/D 22% Canada 325,500 B/D 14% Indonesia 220,000 B/D 10%
Venezuela 365,600 B/D 16%
China 166,900 B/D 7%
USA 649,300 B/D 30%
Mexico 500,000 B/D 22%

Thomas (2008)
Percentages are those of total EOR production of 2.5 MM B/D
Canada EOR, 2006
1 3 4 21
2
3 2
Acid Gas 10 1 CO2 Combustion Hydrocarbon (Natural Gas) Steam Nitrogen Oil & Gas Journal (April 2006)
EE.UU EOR, 2006

11 Alaska
5 1 1 39 2 9 1 1 5 1 1 2 6 3 3 3
2 14 50 1
Steam Water Combustion CO2 Gas
Oil & Gas Journal (April 2006)
Central and South America EOR, 2006

1 8 5
38 2
CO2 Hydrocarbon Steam Nitrogen
Rest of World EOR, 2006
1 1 5
1 17 2 19
CO2 Combustion Steam Microbial Polymer
Summary of Active EOR Projects, 2006
Type Steam CO2 HC Gases Combustion
Number of Projects 119 94 38 21
Production (Bbls/Day) 76 220,000 100 35,000 10 80,000 100 8,100
Depth (Feet) 350 5,740 1,900 10,900 4,040 14,500 1,640 9,500
API Gravity () 8 26 19 43 15 45 18 38
Polymer
Nitrogen
20
5
53 4,900
1,000 500,000
1,063 4,626
4,600 15,400
21 34
16 - 51
OGJ Worldwide EOR Survey, 2006
Major EOR Projects and Production

700 Total Thermal Gas Chemical
500 Production (M B/D)
300
100 0 USA Mexico Canada Venezuela Indonesia China
Comparison of EOR Techniques

60
Incremental Oil Cost ($/BBL)
50
40 30
Surfactant
CO2 Injection
20 10
Thermal
Polymer Waterflood MEOR

50 60 70 80
0 0 10 20 30 40
Total Recovery (% OOIP)

Simandoux et al. IFT Journal (1990)
2006 Global EOR Average Costs

15 13 11
US $ / Barrel
9 7
5
3 1 Exploration & Development Acquisitions Capex Deep Water Capex Heavy Oil Capex EOR
Sandrea, Oil & Gas Journal (Nov. 2007)
Reasons for EOR Failures

Low Oil Prices - oil price instability Insufficient description of Reservoir Geology - Underestimated Reservoir Heterogeneity Inadequate understanding of EOR mechanism - Bad Candidate Selection Unavailability of Chemicals in large quantities - Insufficient Budget (lack of commitment) Heavy reliance on lab experiments - And too much reliance on simulation Poor post treatment evaluation
Comments in white from S.M. Farouq Ali (2007)
Ideal Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

Carbon Dioxide Injection Well Produced Fluids(oi, gas, water) Separation and Storage Facilities Water Injection Pump Production Well
Drive Water
Water
Miscible Zone
Addl Oil Recovery
CO2
CO2
Oil Bank
Real World EOR

Carbon Dioxide Injection Well Produced Fluids(oi, gas, water) Separation and Storage Facilities Water Injection Pump Production Well
How to Convert EOR to IRR (TIR)

1) Consider reservoir heterogeneity 2) Predicting results is difficult 3) The more you inject, the more you get
1) Single well pilots usually not successful
4) Detailed Evaluation is essential 5) EOR is not a panacea, but will play an increasingly important role in the future 1) 70% of current oil production from mature fields

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OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

Oil Consumption and Industrialization

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

Chinese Oil Imports

Net Crude Imports

1,500 1,000 500 0 -500 1Q93

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

U.S. Petroleum Production and Imports

Petroleum (MM BBLS/Day)

Domestic Petroleum Production

Regional Distribution of Global Oil Reserves

North America 62B Bbls - 4% West Africa 46B Bbls - 4%

Middle East 734B Bbls - 64%

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

Oil Recovery Mechanisms

Pressure Maintenance (Water, Gas Reinjection)

EOR TERTIARY RECOVERY

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

Expected Oil Recovery Efficiencies

Sandrea, Oil & Gas Journal (Nov 2007)

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

EOR Targets: % OOIP

EOR Target 45% OIP

Primary 25% OIP Secondary 30% OIP

EOR Target 100% OIP

EOR Target 90% OIP

Assumes Soi 85% PV and Sw = 15% PV

Thomas, Oil & Gas Science and Technology (2008)

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

EOR Targets, 2005

Target for EOR Technologies Target for Advanced Exploration Technology

US Department of Energy (2005)

EOR Targets, 2007

234 -19 8 5 76 -500 83 925

813 662 378 50 110 510 227 200 660 3660

1,078 662 404 61 118 592 444 704 758 4,821

Jackson, JPT (2007)

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

Thermal EOR Methods

Hot Water CSS

Elec. Heat Hi Press. Air Inj.

VAPEX VAPEX + Steam SAGP

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

Non-Thermal EOR Methods

Imm. Gas Drives

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

EOR vs. Depth

Deep enough for required pressure

Dr. Larry Lake, Oilfield Review (Jan. 1992)

Oil Resources by Depth

INTERMEDIATE 45% 5.7 Trillion Bbls (3,500 10,000 Ft)

SHALLOW 34% 4.4 Trillion Bbls (<3,500 Ft)

Sandrea, Oil & Gas Journal (Nov 2007)

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

Distribution of Global Oil Reserves by Depth

HIS, Credit Suisse

TIORCO, Inc The Improved Oil Recovery Company

EOR vs. Viscosity

Oil Viscosity (centipoise at reservoir conditions)