Review!

What is the y-intercept of f(x)=2cos(3x)+4? What is the period of f(x) = cot(x)? What are the general shapes of the plots of the six trigonometric functions?
Which of these functions have no y-intercepts?

What is the amplitude of f(x) = cos(x)? Outline the method of plotting the ff.:
f(x) = sec(x+/4).

Review!
A tree is situated on a hill. At a point P, 23 m down the hill from the tree, the angle subtended by the tree is 18.5. If the height of the tree is 36.5 m, at what angle is the hill inclined with the horizontal?

Review!
A triangular lot has sides of lengths 242 ft, 160 ft, and 184 ft. If the cost per square foot of the land is appraised at $40, what is the appraised value of the lot?

Refresh: Vectors
Vector ordered pair of real numbers <x,y>
< and > are used to distinguish from point in Cartesian plane x and y are called components

If tail is at (h,k), tip is at (h+x , k+y). Magnitude length of vector

From distance formula

Direction angle: from +x-axis, ccw

Summation of Forces: Components

Choose the orientation of your coordinate system.
One axis along one vector

Break down the vectors along the axes.

Use trigonometric functions!

Add the magnitudes of the vectors along the same axes.

Summation of Forces: Triangle Rule

Connect one vectors tip to the others tail. The resultant vector is obtained when the tail of the first vector is connected to the tip of the second vector. Use a combination of sine and cosine laws (depending on given)

Vector Application: Summation of Forces

F = F1 + F2 + F3 + (Newtons Law) F = ma Addition of vectors: two ways
Breakdown into components, then add the corresponding components
Used when there are many vectors to be added

Parallelogram/Triangle Rule
Used when there are two vectors only

Example on Summation of Forces

Two forces of magnitudes 200 lb and 250 lb make an angle of 60 with each other and are applied to an object at the same point. Find the magnitude and direction angle of the resultant force using:
a) The components of the vectors b) Triangle Rule

Vector Application: Relative Velocity

Example. A person (P) walks on a ship (S). The ship also moves relative to the ground.

v p / g v p / s vs / g

Example: Relative Velocity

An airplane flies at an air speed of 300 mi/hr. If there is a wind blowing toward the east at 50 mi/hr, what should be the planes compass heading in order for its course to be 30? What is the planes ground speed if it flies this course?

Greatest Integer Function

F(x) = [x]
In program: floor

If x and n is the greatest integer st nx

If x > 0: remove decimal places If x < 0: remove decimal place and add 1

General form:
f(x) = A[B(x-h)]+k

A: affects distance between steps and steepness of steps

B: length of each step and sequence of hole-point

Q: What if you want your function to lean to the right and yet have the steps to go hole point?

f(x) = A[B(x-h)]+k
A vertical distance between steps
steepness of slope

B magnitude affects length of each step

Length = 1/|B| Positive sign: pointhole Negative sige: holepoint

Move the plot from (0,0) to (h,k).

Example. 2[-0.5x+2]
B = -0.5
steps are 2 units long; descending holepoint

A=2
Steps are 2 units apart vertically

h=4
plot moves four units to the right

Polynomial Function
P(x)=anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a1x + a0
degree of polynomial: n leading coefficient: an constant term: a0

Zeroes of a polynomial (function) Roots of a polynomial (equation)

{x | P(x) = 0}

Theorems on Finding Zeroes of P

# of zeroes = degree of polynomial
if the multiplicity of the root is accounted

Descartes Rule of Signs (DRS)

max # of positive roots: from variations of sign in P(x) max # of negative roots: from variations of sign in P(-x) decrease by an even integer for other possible numbers

Examples: (find the # of positive, negative, and imaginary roots) P(x) = x4 + 2x2 5 F(x) = 6x4 x3 + 2x 3

Theorems on Finding Zeroes of P

A polynomial function P(x) has a factor (x-c) if and only if P(c) = 0.
use synthetic division to find the remainder!

If p/q is a rational number in lowest terms and is a zero of P(x), then:

p is a factor of the constant term of P(x) q is a factor of the leading coefficient of P(x)

1. DRS: ? 2. f(1) = ?; f(-1) = ?

3. Possible Zeroes?
4. Zeroes?

Ans. 1m2, 2, 3

Ans. {1, -3, 2+i, 2-i}

 R(x) = P(x)/Q(x)
P and Q are both polynomials Simplest: f(x) = 1/x

Asymptote
Vertical (x=a): As xa, R(x) Horizontal (y=b): As x , R(x)b Oblique (y=mx+b): As x , R(x)mx+b

Vertical and Oblique Asymptotes

Horizontal Asymptote
f(x) = A^(Bx) * sin(x)

As x , f(x)0.

Asymptotes of Rational Functions

R(x) = P(x)/Q(x)
P(x) and Q(x) have no common factors.

VA: x = a if Q(a) = 0. HA
deg(P) < deg(Q) HA: y=0 (x-axis) deg(P) = deg(Q) HA: y pn
pn leading coeff. of P(x) qn leading coeff. of Q(x)
qn

Asymptotes of Rational Functions

R(x) = P(x)/Q(x)
P(x) and Q(x) have no common factors.

R has OA if deg(P) = deg(Q) + 1.

OA y = P(x)/Q(x) S(x) S(x) is the remainder of P(x)/Q(x).

Revisited Example

How to graph R(x) = P(x)/Q(x)

Simplify R(x) to lowest terms! Find the roots of the numerator P(x) and the denominator Q(x).
roots of P(x): zeroes of R(x) roots of Q(x): vertical asymptotes of R(x)

If deg(P) < deg(Q): find HA. If deg(P) = deg(Q) + 1: find OA. Use table of signs to fill in the gaps in between.

x 1 Example: Plot f ( x) 3 x x
2

Hint: Factor both numerator and denominator.

Example: Plot

x 3x 4 f ( x) 2 x 3x 4
2

Factor both numerator and denominator. vertical asymptote(s)? x-intercept(s)? horizontal or oblique asymptote?

Table of signs
Factors (x-4) (x+1) (x+4) -4 0 + -1 0 + + + 1 + + + + 4 0 + + + + +

(x-1) Sign of f(x)

0 0

+ -

+ 0

+ +

Example: Plot

x2 2x 8 f ( x) x3

Factor both numerator and denominator. vertical asymptote(s)? x-intercept(s)? horizontal or oblique asymptote?

Table of signs
Factors (x-2) (x+4) (x+3) -4 0 + -3 + 0 + + 2 0 + + + + +

Sign of f(x)

Set of points equidistant to a given point (center)

NOT a function.

Forms of Equations
Standard Equation (SE): (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2
Easier to plot: center (h,k); radius r.
r2 > 0: circle r2 = 0: point (h , k) r2 < 0: no plot!

General Equation: x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
the coefficients of x2 and y2 should be 1.

Converting GE SE
Use completing the square! Examples: a) x2 + y2 +6x 2y 15 = 0 b) x2 + y2 4x + 10y + 29 = 0 c) x2 + y2 +6x 1 = 0 d) 3x2 + 3y2 +4y 7 = 0

Analytical Problems: Very Easy!

Given: radius and center of a circle
find SE/GE of the circle

Given: Endpoints of the diameter of a circle

find SE/GE of the circle Example: Find the GE of the circle whose diameter endpoints are (-2 , 3) and (4 , 5).

Analytical Problems: Easy

Given: Three (noncollinear) points on a circle
find: SE/GE of the circle The perpendicular bisector of any chord of a circle contains the center of that circle. We need two chords to bisect to get the center.

Example. Find the GE of the circle passing through (-3,-2);(-1,2) and (5,-1).

Analytical Problems: Easy

Given: A line and a point not on the line
find: the equation of a circle tangent to the line and has the given point as its center. OR find: the equation of a circle tangent to the line and contains the given point.

The line with equation 2x 3y = 10 touches the circle with centre M(-2, 4) at the point A. Find the equation of the circle and the coordinates of A.

Analytical Problems: Easy

Given: a circle and a point not on/in the circle
Find: Equation of a line tangent to the circle and passing through the point.
not a unique line!

Example. Given the circle x2 + y2 = 16 and a point P(8, 2). Find the equation of the tangents from P to the circle, and find the point of tangency.

Analytical Problems: Not-So-Easy

Externally tangent circles

Given: A circle, a point not on the circle, and the point of tangency.
Find: the circle which contains the given point and is tangent to the given circle.

Example. Find the SE of the circle externally tangent to the circle (x+5)2 + (y+1)2 = 2at (-4,-2) and passing through (2 , 0).
Ans. (GE) x2 + y2 + 8x + 4y 20 = 0