OUNG URK

India and North Africa

A. Bellucci, F. Ehrhardt, A. Gentile, W. Hui, P. Kowalczewski, D. Turner-Evans, A. Mittal, A. Subramaniyan, I. Valenti

Current Renewable Energy Situation

Source of Indias Energy Fossil fuel: 66% Renewable: 31%
Ministry of power, Govt. of India /http://powermin.nic.in/

Renewable breakdown (in MW)

Hydro 44273.4

Wind 17534

Biomass 3966

Ministry of new and renewable energy, Govt. of India http://mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/publications/annual-report-2/

Solar heating 5

Solar PV 1064
http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/india/indiannatio 2 nallectricitygrid.shtml

Young Turks vision

Small hydro 15 GW Large hydro 85 GW Geothermal 10 GW Biomass Wind 23 GW 100 GW

Solar Thermal 267 GW

Solar crystalline PV, 250 GW

Solar thin PV, 250

I am convinced that solar energy can be the next scientific and industrial frontier in India after atomic energy, space and IT. Manmohan Sighn, Prime minister of India
Source: http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article78775.ece

Solar and wind energy potential

Theoretical solar potential: ~600 TW/year Potential onshore : 48,500 MW/year
5.69

Wind power density map at 80 m level

0.06 0.12 0.09 0.53

5.05

0.1
1.26 0.14 0.09 0.08 0.02 0.93 1.38

0.24 0.11

35.1
5.96
0.31

0.15

13.6

14.5

0.84

0.37

Area required: 20km2/GW (Thar desert 35,000 km2)

Environmental impact: 100 Wp of solar module generate 436.36 kg of CO2
http://www.eai.in/ref/reports/solar/solar_pv_module.html

14.2

Environmental impact: Birds and bats mortalities

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Geothermal and Hydro Power

Estimated potential: 10 GW Estimated potential: 15GW from SHP

Environmental impact: Air and water pollution

Chandrasekharam, C. Geothermal Energy Resources of India 2000 http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/geo/geo.html

Environmental Impact: Impact on fish population

P. Purohit, Energy Policy, 2008

Renewable Energy: Economic situation and proposed cost

Small hydro Geothermal Biomass $20B $53B $53B Large hydro $149B Solar Thermal $320B Solar crystal PV $578B Solar thin PV $500B Wind $200B

Financial Situation
Clean energy investments $10.3B in 2011 52% higher than in 2010 7x investment increase in solar $4.2B in 2011 Prominent domestic banks (eg. ICICI, PNB , SBI)
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance

Total cost: $1.87 Trillion

Cost in USD/kW Solar PV Amorphous: 2000 Crystalline: 2310 2500 2300 2000 3500

Political Situation
Government fully supports renewables w/ subsidies, R&D , etc (e.g. no VAT for solar, exploration of geothermal)
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Solar thermal 1200 Geothermal Biomass Wind Hydro

North Africa Project

North Africa now

Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara
kWh/ hab

Source: K. Boubaker, Renewable energy in upper North Africa: Present versus 2025-horizon perspectives optimization using a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) framework, Renewable Energy, 43, 364-369, 2012 8

Prospectives for photovoltaics

Average annual irradiation: 2000 kWh/m2 Average power of sun : 228 MW/ km2 PV module efficiency: 15 %

Average converted power : 34.2 MW/ km2 Location: All countries are available!
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Prospectives for wind

Source: S. Khennas, Understanding the political economy and key drivers of energy access in addressing national energy access priorities and policies: African Perspective, Energy Policy, 47, 21-26, 2012

Actual Capacity: 4.8 GW

Onshore: (1 MW-turbines) 17 MW/km2

Offshore: (5 MW-turbines) 10 MW/km2

Location: Western coasts of Morocco, Northern coast of Algeria (mostly) and Lybia
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Perspectives in Concentrated Solar Panel

Our next plants: 200 MW/km2 Actual Capacity: 315 MW

Source: C.M. Salazar, An overview of CSP in Europe and MENA, CSP Today, October 2008

Location: All the coast of all countries are available!

Grid

Traditional house with a solar panel in the Sahara Desert, Algeria. Source: http://www.mediastorehouse.com/

Source: Renewable energies in Africa, http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/ 12

1MW solar farm in North Carolina

Costs
Small PV

920MW Beatrice Wind Farm(Scotland)

50MW Andasol (SPAIN)
Source Power (GW) Efficiency Small Photovoltaic 5 storage 12GWh Huge Photovoltaic 150 Solar thermal 200 Wind (offshore) 70 Wind (onshore) 75 Total 500 Area km2 /W cost (G) 0,0342 146,1988 5 25 0.8Wh 9,6 0,0342 4385,965 5 750 0,2 1000 6 1200 0,01 7000 4 280 0,02 3750 2,4 180 2444,6

Huge solar plants

Solar thermal

Offshore Wind Plants

Onshore Wind Plants

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Funds
Subsities from : - IMF - EU - Northern Africa Goverments - International banks
Source Power (GW) Need power (GW) Small Photovoltaic 5 5 Huge Photovoltaic 150 15 Solar thermal 200 20 Wind offshore 70 7 Wind onshore 75 7 Total 500 47

Estimated consumption (23/07/2012)

North Africa only needs 1/10th of the 0.5TW project: Feed Europe and get money back!! Mean cost in EU 8cts/kWh ~263 G / year Cost for maintenance and operation 2% initial cost Pay back in 9 year !!

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Thanks

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Answering Question materials

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Storage
Energy batteries : Deep cycle lead acid (DCLA) batteries connected together to form banks up to 1MW.

Source : Batteries for Energy storage: New developments promise grid flexibility and stability T. Bayar et al.

FLY WHEEL: 1MW Flywheel energy storage system the Mill Creek Generating Station (MCGS) in Anaconda, Montana

Source : Next to go mainstream: Mass energy storage B. Mulliken

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Renewable Energy Technology Cost Analysis

Archana Subramaniyan 07/22/12

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Solar Photovoltaics

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Wind Energy

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Hydro power

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Biomass

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Concentrated Solar Power

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New & Renewable Energy Cumulative deployment of various Renewable Energy Systems/ Devices in the country as on 30/06/2012
http://mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision2/achievements/

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COST

Andasol

80 MW Okhotnykovo Solar Park in Ukraine.

Macarthur Wind Farm

Power Area Name Type (MW) (km2) Cost M source cost/W Andasol CSP 50 2 6 300 wikipedia http://www.agk.com.au/macarth 420 55 1000 ur 2.38095 Macarthur Wind Farm Wind onshore 367 4.30518 Walney Wind Farm wind offshore 73 1580 http://www.reuters.com/ Desert Sunlight PV Farm 4.86667 Solar Farm 300 16 1460 wikipedia Fundamentals of Materials for Lead acid or Li Energy and Environmental ion 0.8/kWh Sustainabilty Storage
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Features Performance class Rated voltage Type Converting station Line Distance Aerial line Sea cable

Base informations 5 GW +-500 kV Double bipol 2 * 60 /kW 3500 km 70 /(kW * 1000 km) 700 /(kW * 1000 km)

Investment Costs

Cost of Grid

120 /kWel. ratedpower 245 /kWel. ratedpower 35 /kWel. ratedpower 400 /kWel. ratedpower

Source: Sahara Wind Project

Total Investment Cost Life time Operation & Maintenance Costs Interest rate

For transporting 500GW => 200G

25 years 1% of investment costs/yr 5%

Transmission 7.5% losses (average) Investment Costs of HVDC line from Sahara Desert 38 through Europe

North Africa
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Source: http://www.google.fr/publicdata/

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Source: Renewable Energy Partnership EUMENA H. Nokraschy

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Annual consumption kWhr/hab

Source: http://www.google.fr/publicdata/

Source: http://www.rte.fr/

French Consumption (kWh/hab) French population Mean African Consumption (kWh/hab) Africa population ratio

7500 65350000 2000 198815091 1

UE payback=445GW *365*24* 0.05cts/kWh=220G / year

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Sun light
western sahara(GMT) Egypt Egypt (GMT) Lever du soleil: 7.07 5.56 3.56 Coucher du soleil: 20.52 19.36 17.56

3hours offset!!

Date at Timimoun (Algeria) Raise time Fall time Summer solstice (june 20 2012) 7h 21h Winter solstice (december 20 2012) 7h48 18h05

http://calendar.zoznam.sk/sunset-fr

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Funds 2
Subsities from : - IMF - EU - Northern Africa Goverments - International banks
Source Power (GW) Need power (GW) Small Photovoltaic 5 5 Huge Photovoltaic 150 15 Solar thermal 200 20 Wind offshore 70 7 Wind onshore 75 7 Total 500 47

Estimated consumption (23/07/2012)

North Africa only needs 1/10th of the 0.5TW project: Feed Europe and get money back!! Mean cost in EU 4cts/kWh Cost for operation and maintenance 2% of initial cost each year ~108 G / year

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Other ressources
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water

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biomass

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wind

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wind

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Population/Grid

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UNG
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