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EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
ONE FACTOR AT A TIME
Treatment
conditions
Factors/ Levels
Response
NF
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
y0
yA
yB
yC
yD
yNF
1
2
3
4
5
NTC
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
FACTORS
L1
L2
Speed (m/s)
25
35
Pressure (Pa)
50
75
Time (min)
10
Treatment
condition
Speed
Pressure
Time
Response
(1) 25
(1) 50
(1) 5
2.8
(2) 35
(1) 50
(1) 5
3.4
(1) 25
(2) 75
(1) 5
4.6
(1) 25
(1) 50
(2) 10
3.7
One-At-A-Time
Speed
(m/s)
Pressure
(Pa)
Time
(Min)
Response
1(25)
1(50)
1(5)
2.8
2(35)
1(50)
1(5)
3.4
1(25)
2(75)
1(5)
4.6
1(25)
1(50)
2(10)
3.7
e s = y s -y o = 3.4-2.8=0.6
e p = y p - y o = 4.6-2.8= 1.8
e t = y t - y o = 3.7-2.8 = 0.9
Run
Water
Pruning
Phosph.
Result
-1
-1
-1
5.6
-1
10.9
-1
9.7
-1
8.2
OUTPUT
=X1 + X2F1 +X3F2 + X4F3= 8.6+0.35F1+0.95F2+1.7F3
X1 = Average of 4 run results
X2 = Coefficient for first factor (F1)
X3 = Coefficient for second factor (F2)
X4 = Coefficient for third factor (F3)
0.95
X4= 1.70
Example 2: Customer
satisfaction in a Restaurant
DEGREE OF
FRIENDLINESS
MENU DELIVERY
PROMPTNESS
BILLING
ACCURACY
PROBLEM
RESOLUTION
EFFECTIVENESS
Low (-1)
High(+1)
Average
Excellent
1 min
5 min
75%
95%
Average
Excellent
Experiment
F1:Degree of
Friendliness
F2:Menu
delivery
F3:Bill
accuracy
Avg/Excel
5 min/ 1
min
75%/95%
-1
-1
F4:Proble
m
resolution
Avg/Excel
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Customer satisfaction
on a scale of 1 to 10
2.8
Average
5min
75%
Average
Excel
5min
75%
Excel
3.9
Average
1min
75%
Average
3.5
Excel
1min
75%
Excel
5.6
Average
5min
95%
Excel
3.2
Excel
5min
95%
Average
5.0
Average
1min
95%
Average
4.7
Excel
1min
95%
Excel
7.0
Average= 4.47
Experiment
Factor
A
Factor
B
Factor
C
Response
-1
-1
-1
Y1
-1
-1
Y2
-1
-1
Y3
-1
Y4
-1
-1
Y5
-1
Y6
-1
Y7
Y8
Effect of
Factors
A
y5 + y 6 + y 7 + y8 y1 + y 2 + y3 + y 4
4
4
y3 + y 4 + y 7 + y8 y1 + y 2 + y5 + y 6
4
4
y 2 + y 4 + y 6 + y8 y1 + y3 + y5 + y 7
4
4
Average
satisfaction
at
LOW level
(-1)
Average
satisfaction
at HIGH
level
(1)
Difference
Slope
Friendliness
3.6
5.4
1.8
0.9
Menu
Delivery
5.2
3.7
-1.5
-0.75
Accuracy
4.0
5.0
1.0
0.50
Resolution
4.4
4.5
0.1
0.05
Satisfaction = 4.47+0.90*Friendliness-0.75*Promptness+
0.50*Accuracy+0.05*problem Resolution effectiveness
Slope = ?
Friendliness
Low=(2.8+3.5+3.2+4.7)/4=3.55
High=(3.9+5.6+5+7)/4=5.375
Slope = (5.375-3.55)/1-(-1)=1.825/2
=0.9125
S
A
T
I
S
F 8
A
C 6
T
I 4
O
N 2
75%
95%
Respo
nse
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
F1
G1
89
A1
B1
C1
D2
E2
F2
G2
55
A1
B2
C2
D1
E1
F2
G2
38
A1
B2
C2
D2
E2
F1
G1
44
A2
B1
C2
D1
E2
F1
G2
83
A2
B1
C2
D2
E1
F2
G1
16
A2
B2
C1
D1
E2
F2
G1
66
A2
B2
C1
D2
E1
F1
G2
55
Factors
Level
1
Level
2
Sand Compact
55mm
49mm
Iron Temp
RT
Chill
Clay Addition
6.5lb
16lb
Mould Hardness
Low
High
Time
4 min
17 min
Seacone addition
6.7 lb
15 lb
Sand Addition
150 lb
Level
1*
Level 2
56.5
60.8
66.3
69.0
49.5
67.8
53.8
55.0
50.8
45.3
42.5
62.0
43.8
57.8
1.5
10.0
21.0
26.5
12.5
24.0
4.0
No. of
defective
tiles
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
F1
G1
16
A1
B1
C1
D2
E2
F2
G2
17
A1
B2
C2
D1
E1
F2
G2
12
A1
B2
C2
D2
E2
F1
G1
06
A2
B1
C2
D1
E2
F1
G2
06
A2
B1
C2
D2
E1
F2
G1
68
A2
B2
C1
D1
E2
F2
G1
42
A2
B2
C1
D2
E1
F1
G2
26
Total Defective
Defective
A1
51
12.75
A2
142
35.50
B1
107
26.75
B2
86
21.50
C1
101
25.25
C2
92
23.00
D1
76
19.00
D2
11.7
29.25
E1
122
30.50
E2
71
17.75
F1
54
13.50
F2
139
34.75
G1
132
33.00
C
%Defective
%Defective
Factors
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Orthogonal Arrays
Definition of
Orthogonal Arrays
equally often.
Each option Oi is turned on and off equally
often.
If Oi is turned on, then each other option Oj is
turned on and off equally often.
Response Table
Obs. Freq.
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1
-1
Y1
Y1
Y1
Y1
Y2
Y2
Y2
Y2
Y3
Y3
Y3
Y3
y4
y4
Y4
Y4
Y5
Y5
Y5
Y5
Y6
Y6
Y6
Y6
Y7
Y7
Y7
Y7
Y8
y8
y8
Y8
No. of
data
values
Average
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
Est. main
effect
A1-A2
B1-B2
C1-C2
Expt.
P1
Q1
R1
S1
P1
Q2
R2
S2
P1
Q3
R3
S3
P2
Q1
R2
S3
P2
Q2
R3
S1
P2
Q3
R1
S2
P3
Q1
R3
S2
P3
Q2
R1
S3
P3
Q3
R2
S1
4 Factors
Exp.
Response
P1
Q1
R1
S1
Y1
P1
Q2
R2
S2
Y2
P1
Q3
R3
S3
Y3
P2
Q1
R2
S3
Y4
P2
Q2
R3
S1
Y5
P2
Q3
R1
S2
Y6
P3
Q1
R3
S2
Y7
P3
Q2
R1
S3
Y8
P3
Q3
R2
S1
Y9
Observed
Response
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
TC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
5
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
6
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
7
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
L 8 Array
No.
COLUMN NUMBER
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
7
4
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2