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Learning Objectives
Explain the reasons & purposes for tourism planning. Identify the barriers to tourism planning. Describe the steps in the tourism planning process. Describe and differentiate among tourism position statements, vision statements, goals, strategies, and objectives. Explain the concept and principles of sustainable tourism development. Describe the main forms of tourism development. Discuss government and private-sector roles in tourism development. Describe the role and types of government incentives for tourism development and the criteria for government financial assistance. Describe the objectives and steps in completing a pre-feasibility study and an economic feasibility study. Identify the two main groups concerned with the results of economic feasibility studies and discuss the questions they typically want answered. Explain the purposes of preparing an environmental impact assessment.
Overview
The destination area with and without tourism planning Barriers to tourism planning Purposes of tourism planning Tourism planning process Building a sustainable future for tourism The link between tourism planning and tourism development Government and private-sector participation in tourism development Analysis of individual project development opportunities
Planning is a process of selection from among alternative courses of action. Five basic reasons for tourism planning:
Tourism development has both positive and negative impacts; (destination life cycle) More competitive situation; More complicated phenomenon; Tourism has damaged natural and cultural resources; Community involved.
Source: http://www.destinationrecovery.com/destinationlifecycle.html
Involvement
Local investment in tourism and tourism advertising start. Visitor number begin to increase and government agencies start to develop the infrastructure.
3.
Development
There is a rapid growth in visitor numbers as the destination becomes heavily advertised. The amenities are increased and improved. Visitors change to less adventurous.
Consolidation
Growth in visitor numbers will decline, although total numbers will still increase. Tourism becomes mass market
5.
Stagnation
The peak numbers of visitors will have been reached. Capacity levels for many variables will have been reached or exceeded. The area will have a well-established image but it will no longer be in fashion. There will be heavy reliance on repeat visitation and on conventions and similar forms of traffic.
6.
Decline
Visitor number decrease. External investors begin to pull out.
7.
Rejuvenation
New attractions are developed or new natural resources are used to reverse the negative trends in visitor arrivals.
The objections to the principle of tourism planning; Cost of this process is high; The complexity (ownership) of tourism and the large number of government agencies involved; The diversity of tourism business (sector, size); The seasonality The high ownership turnover in tourism businesses.
Government policies, goals, objectives, and programs Existing destination mix elements and components Existing tourism demand Tourism strengths, weaknesses, problems, and issues
Description of programs, activities, roles, and funding Writing of tourism plan reports
Plan implementation: The tourism plan is put into action by a governmental tourism agency. Plan monitoring: As the plan is being implemented, the coordinating agency checks to ensure that progress is made as originally intended. Plan evaluation: The performance on goals and objectives is measured and recommendations made for future tourism planning
The performance on goals and objectives is measured. Recommendations are made for future tourism planning based on the results and outcomes of this plan.
Tourism Development
Sustainable Tourism Development
Tourism which is developed and maintained in an area in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an indefinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment (human and physical) in which it exists to such a degree that it prohibits the successful development and well-being of other activities and processes.
Butler, R. W. (1993)
To improve the quality of life of the host community To provide a high quality experience for visitors To maintain the quality of the environment on which both the host community and the visitors depend Ding, P., & Pigram, J. (1995)
SITE SCALE
Individual property development for hotels, restaurants, resorts, roads and attractions
DESTINATION SCALE
Community attraction complex Attraction clustering is beneficial
REGIONAL SCALE
Integrated planning at the regional scale More comprehensive than site or destination scales Many resource areas are involved A greater number of political jurisdictions are included Time periods of accomplishments are much longer
Low-impact to high-impact tourism Ecologically sustainable tourism development (ESTD) Alternative tourism Mass tourism Resort tourism
PRINCIPLES IN ECOTOURISM
It should not degrade the resource and should be developed in an environmentally sensitive manner It should provide first-hand, participatory and enlightening experience It should involve education among all parties (local communities, government, nongovernmental organizations, industry, and tourists, before-during- and after the trip)
PRINCIPLES IN ECOTOURISM
It should incorporate all arty recognition of core values related to intrinsic values of the resource It should involve acceptance of the resource on its own terms, and in recognition of its limits, which involves supply oriented management It should promote understanding and involve partnerships between may players
PRINCIPLES IN ECOTOURISM
It should promote moral and ethical responsibilities and behavior by all players It should provide long-term benefits to the resource, to the community, and industry
ALTERNATIVE TOURISM
MASS TOURISM
RESORT TOURISM
Operating attractions Creating and running events and special meals Providing travel information services Financing the development of community-oriented facilities
Stimulator or catalyst for development Developer Operator Social tourism provider Regulator of tourism developments
Nonrefundable grants Low-interest loans Interest rebates Forgivable loans Loan guarantees Working capital loans
Equity participation Training grants Infrastructure assistance Lease backs Land donations
Competitive impact Compliance with policies and plans Developer and operator capabilities Economic contributions Environmental impact Equity contributions Feasibility Social-cultural impact Tourism impact
Pre-feasibility study: To determine whether a detailed economic feasibility study is justified and which topics the detailed study should address. Detailed economic feasibility study: To determine the economic feasibility of a tourism development project opportunity.
Pre-feasibility study
Detailed economic feasibility study: Site analysis Market analysis Economic feasibility analysis Cost/benefit analysis
DEMAND-SUPPLY MATCH
DEMAND
The best product to manufacture is one that is appealing or preferred by the market
TRADITIONAL APPROACHES review of survey results to observe consistent trends and changes DELPHI METHOD iterative type of research inquiry using opinion of knowledgeable experts
JUDGMENT-AIDED MODEL (JAM) uses a panel in face-to-face contact and debate to gain consensus on several scenarios of the future
TIME SERIES statistical measures repeated year after year GRAVITY AND TRIP GENERATION MODELS assume that the number of visits from each origin is influenced by factors infringing those origins ( distance and poulation)
MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION MODELS - allow the use of many variables in predicting travel ( income, population, travel cost, international context, and other variables)
MARKET SEGMENTATION
DEMOGRAHIC SEGMENTATION refers to measurable characteristics, such as age, income, occupation, family size/life cycle and educational level. GEOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION is used to determine differences or similarities in travel preference due to traveler location
MARKET SEGMENTATION
PSYCHOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION grouping travel markets based on values, attitudes, lifestyles, interests, activities and personalities BEHAVIORISTIC SEGMENTATION dividing the travel market into groups that have similar buying habits ( travel habits, preferences, purpose of travel, benefits sought)
SUPPLY
All the objects and services that are provided to meet the demand.
To identify risks, minimize adverse impacts, and determine environmental acceptability. To achieve environmentally sound proposals through research, management, and monitoring. To manage conflict through the provision of a means for effective public participation.
Ecologically Sustainable Development Working Group. (1991)