Decoders

Decoder
Is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from n input lines to a maximum of 2n unique output lines. n-to-m line decoders => n input lines, m 2n output lines. Can also be used to convert codes
Ex: BCD to seven segment decoder

Outputs are mutually exclusive because only one output is enabled at any one time.
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3 to 8 Line Decoders or Binary to Octal decoder

Logic diagram of 3 x 8 Decoder

 Design BCD to decimal decoder

Combinational logic Implementation using decoders

The outputs of the decoder are the minterms of the Boolean function. So, decoders can be used to design of the combinational circuits with an external OR gate to form the sum. Ex: full adder: Sum (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 4, 7) Carry (x, y, z) = (3, 5, 6, 7)

Implementation of Full adder using decoders

Decoder
A 2 to 4 line decoder with an enable input constructed with NAND gates and complemented outputs.

Demultiplexer
A decoder with an enable input functions as a demultiplexer. Demultiplexer is a circuit that receives information on a single line and transmits this information on one of 2n possible output lines.

Decoder vs Demultiplexers

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4 x 16 decoder using two 3 x 8 decoders

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Encoders
Is a digital function that produces a reverse operation from that of a decoder. An encoder has 2n (or less) input lines and n output lines. Ex: Octal to Binary encoder

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Octal to Binary Encoder

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Logic diagram of Octal to Binary Encoder

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QUIZ 2
15 th march 2012 Portion
Dont care conditions ( chapter 3) Chapter 4 Chapter 5

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Priority Encoder
The operation of the priority encoder is such that if two or more inputs are equal to 1 at the same time, the input having the highest priority will take precedence.

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Maps for the Priority Encoder

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4-input Priority Encoder

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Multiplexers
Multiplexing transmitting a large number of information units over a small number of channels or lines. Multiplexer a combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many input lines and directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines. Input lines 2n Selection lines n Output line 1
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4 to 1 line multiplexer

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Multiplexers
In general, a 2n to 1 line multiplexer is constructed from an n to 2n decoder by adding to it 2n input lines, one to each AND gate. The outputs of the AND gates are applied to a single OR gate to provide the 1-line output.

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Multiplexers using Decoders

2 x 4 Decoder

4 x 1 Multiplexer
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Quadruple 2 to 1 line Multiplexers

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Boolean Function Implementation

The min terms out of the decoder to be chosen can be controlled with the input lines. The minterms to be included with the function are chosen by making their corresponding input lines equal to 1 Those minterms not included in the function are disabled by making their input lines equal to 0. This method implements the Boolean function of n variables with a 2n to 1 multiplexer.
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Example
F(A, B, C) = (1, 3, 5, 6) We require 3 x 1 Multiplexer
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 I0 I1 I2

I3
I4 I5 I6 I7

8x1 MUX

S2 S1

S0

A B

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2nd Method for Boolean Function Implementation using Multiplexers

Boolean Function has n + 1 variables Connect n variables to selection lines The remaining single variable is used for the inputs of the multiplexer If A is this single variable, the inputs of the multiplexer are chosen to be either A or A or 1 or 0. In this method, Boolean function of n + 1 variables is implemented using 2n to 1 line MUX.
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Procedure for implementing any Boolean function of n variables using 2n x 1 MUX

Express the function in its sum of minterms form. Assume that the ordered sequence of variables is ABCD Connect right most n-1 variables as selection lines with B connected to the high-order selection line. The first half of minterms have A in complemented form and the second half have A in its true form. List all the minterms in two rows First row
List all those minterms where A is complemented

Second row
List all those minterms where A is uncomplemented.
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Inspect each column

If two minterms in a column are not circled, apply 0 to the corresponding multiplexer input. If the two minterms are circled, apply 1 to the corresponding multiplexer input. If the Bottom minterm is circled and the top is not circled, apply A to the corresponding multiplexer input. If the top minterm is circled and the bottom is not circled, apply A to the corresponding multiplexer input
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Example F = (1, 3, 5, 6)

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Examples
Implement using Multiplexers
F = (0,1,3,4,8,9,15) F = (1,3,5,6) with C as input variable

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References
M.Morris Mano, Digital Design, 3rd Edition M. Morris Mano and Michael D. Ciletti, Digital Design, 4th Edition, 2007

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