Ch1 RLC Load

Bridging Theory in Practice Transferring Technical Knowledge
to Practical Applications
RLC Load Characteristics and Modeling

Intended Audience: Engineers with a basic knowledge of resistive circuits Engineers desiring a more intuitive understanding of capacitive and inductive circuits Topics Covered: Introduction to Load Modeling Introduction to Capacitors and RC networks Introduction to Inductors and RL networks Example Load Models Expected Time: Approximately 120 minutes

Introduction to Load Modeling Introduction to Capacitors and RC Networks Introduction to Inductors and RL Networks
Example Load Models: Turning on an Incandescent Lamp Switching a Relay

Introduction to Load Modeling Introduction to Capacitors and RC Networks Introduction to Inductors and RL Networks Example Load Models: Turning on an Incandescent Lamp Switching a Relay
Electromechanical Power Conversion

Electrical power can be converted to mechanical power Electrical power can turn-on a motor
(= )
Electrical power can drive a Solenoid Electrical power can be converted to heat Electrical power can a light a LED
Load Modeling
Power converters (the loads) can be modeled by equivalent circuits composed of simple RLC passive components

Capacitors
Physical object with the ability to store electric charge (i.e. electric voltage) Consists of two electrically isolated metal electrodes, typically two conductive parallel plates Is mostly used to store energy or for filtering purposes The isolating material the dielectric defines the type of capacitor:C e.g. tantalum or ceramic capacitor Circuit symbol:
Capacitors: Physical Properties

The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is a proportional to:
C~
d
d
C a d
= Capacitance; = Area of each parallel plate; = Distance between parallel plates; a
Larger value capacitors have larger plate areas and less spacing between plates They can store more energy (and are more expensive)
Capacitors: Physical Properties

The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is given by: C = Capacitance Units of: F = A s / V = Permittivity = 0 r
a C= d
Units of: A s / V m = F / m 0 = Permittivity of vacuum = 8.854x10-12 Units of: A s / V m = F / m r = Relative permittivity = 1 (free air) Units of: (dimensionless)
Permittivity1) : the ability of a dielectric to store electrical potential energy under the influence of an electric field 1) Websters 9th edition
Relative Size of Capacitance
Capacitance of a free air (r = 1) parallel plate capacitor with the dimensions of A=1m2 and d=1mm is: ( 1( 11 11 1F/ m (1 1 ) . 1x 1 1 ) m ) . 1111 1 1 A r C= = = x 11 F 1 d 11 m x 1 Typically, capacitance values in the 1F range are uncommon Capacitances typically range from microFarads to picoFarads 1 microFarad = 1F 1 nanoFarad = 1nF 1 picoFarad = 1pF = 10-6F = 10-9F = 10-12F
Capacitors Electrical Properties

The stored electrical charge Q in a capacitor is proportional to the voltage V across the capacitor: Q~V The proportional factor between stored electrical charge and voltage difference is the capacitance value of the capacitor: Q=CV V = 16V Q = 8 A s = 8 Coulombs
C = Q/V = 8 A s / 16V = 0.5 Farad (F)
Unit [C] = A s / V = F
Parallel and Serial Capacitance

Parallel capacitors Serial capacitors
C1
C2 C1 C C2 C C = C1 + C2
1 1 1 = + C C1 C1
Capacitor Experiment #1
An ideal current source is connected to a capacitor
tON IC
IIDEAL
V, I
+ VC -
The constant current causes the voltage to linearly rise across
IIDEAL
IC VC tON
t
the capacitor.
Constant current source supplies the current regardless of the voltage drop across the load.
An ideal current source is disconnected from a capacitor
tOFF IC
IIDEAL
V, I
+ VC -
If the constant current source is removed, the voltage across the capacitor remains
IIDEAL
VC IC tON tOFF
t
constant.
An ideal current source is connected to a capacitor
tON IC
IIDEAL
V, I IC1
+ VC -
The rate of voltage change is proportional to the current.
VC1 tON
t
A variable ideal current source is connected to a capacitor
tON IC
IIDEAL
V, I IC1
+ VC -
The rate of voltage change is proportional to the current.
IC2 VC1 tON
VC2
A voltage source is connected to a capacitor through a resistor The peak current
tON VIDEAL + R IC + VC in the capacitor is C limited by the resistor. The voltage across IC VC the capacitor will reach VIDEAL
Ideal voltage source supplies the voltage regardless of the current load.
V, I VIDEAL/R VIDEAL
tON
A voltage source is connected through a variable resistor
tON VIDEAL + -
IC VC
+ -
A voltage source is connected through a V, I variable resistor
tON VIDEAL + R IC VC
+ -
R = R1
VIDEAL R1
VC1 IC1 tON t
+ -
R1 > R2
VIDEAL R1
VIDEAL VC1 IC1 tON R1
VIDEAL R2 IC2
+ -
R1 > R2
VIDEAL R1
VIDEAL VC1 IC1 tON R1
VIDEAL R2 IC2
+ -
R1 > R2
VIDEAL R1
VC2 VC1 IC1 tON
VIDEAL Capacitors are charged faster through smaller resistors t
+ -
R1 < R3
VIDEAL R1
IC1
VC1
tON
+ -
R1 < R3
VIDEAL R1 VIDEAL R3
IC1
VC1
IC3 tON t
+ -
R1 < R3
VIDEAL R1 VIDEAL R3
IC1
VC1 VC3 Capacitors are charged faster through smaller resistors t
IC3 tON
The rise time of the capacitor's voltage is monitored:
tON + R IC VC + -
VC VIDEAL 0.63VIDEAL
VIDEAL
R1 < R3 tC = RC
tC
tON R IC
VC 0.95VIDEAL 0.87VIDEAL 0.63VIDEAL
VIDEAL
+ -
VC
+ -
R1 < R3 tC = RC
tC
2tC
3tC
Development of Mathematical Capacitor Model: IC vs. VC

Current is defined as the amount of charge which is transferred in a certain period of time: dq I=Q/t (1) i= or dq = i dt dt
The relations above are derivatives for very small changes

differentials can be used for quasi linear changes: i=q/t or q=i.t (1a)

Current is defined as the amount of charge which is transferred in a certain period of time: dq I=Q/t (1) i= or dq = i dt dt Capacitance is defined as the stored charge on dq a capacitor vs.=the voltage across the capacitor, (2) C or dq = C dv dv C=Q/V
In differential form:
C=q/t or
q=C.v
(2a)

Current is defined as the amount of charge which is transferred in a certain period of time: dq I=Q/t (1) i= or dq = i dt dt Capacitance is defined as the stored charge on dq a capacitor vs.=the voltage across the capacitor, (2) C or dq = C dv dv C=Q/V
dv i dt = C dv or i = C Setting (2) equal to (1) results in:dt
Capacito rs
Voltage across VIN Capacitor VC IC Current through Capacitor time
R VIN C
VC across plates
Capacitor & Resistor Networks

In general, there are two basic options for capacitor placement:
C in Series with Signal Path VIN C VOUT C from Signal Path to Ground VIN R C VOUT

C in Series with Signal Path C VOUT + VC R I V
IN
C from Signal Path to Ground R VIN I C + VC VOUT
Initially a DC voltage is applied at the signal input IN. Current passes through the capacitor and the voltage across the capacitor increases

C in Series with Signal Path C VOUT + VIN R I=0A VIN C from Signal Path to Ground R VIN I=0A C + VIN VOUT
Initially a DC voltage is applied at the signal input IN. Current passes through the capacitor and the voltage across the capacitor increases When the voltage across the capacitor is equal to the input voltage the current stops

C in Series with Signal Path C 0V + VIN R I=0A VIN C from Signal Path to Ground R VIN I=0A C + VIN VIN
Initially a DC voltage is applied at the signal input IN. Current passes through the capacitor and the voltage across the capacitor increases When the voltage across the capacitor is equal to the input voltage the current stops Depending on the capacitors placement, the
Capacitance in Series with Signal Path

t1 t2 VIN VX
VX
C I VOUT R
+ VC -
VOUT
t1
t2
Signal Path
t1 t2 VIN VX C I VOUT R + VC -
VX
VIN
I
VIN/R
VOUT
VIN
t1
t2
Signal Path
t1 t2 VIN VX C I VOUT R + VC -
VX
VIN
I
VIN/R -VIN/R
VOUT
VIN -VIN t1 t2
Path to Ground
t1 t2 VIN VX R I C VOUT + VC -
VX I
VOUT
t1
t2
Path to Ground
VX
VIN
I
VIN/R -VIN/R
VOUT
VIN
t1
t2
Path to Ground
VX
VIN
I
VIN/R -VIN/R
VOUT
VIN
t1
t2
RC Networks - AC Signals
What happens when an AC input signal is C from Signal Path to Ground applied? C in Series with Signal Path
VOUT VIN t C R VOUT VIN t R C
Capacitors and AC signals

Capacitors act like frequency dependent resistor (capacitive reactance, XC)
Xc~1/(fC)
Instead of reactance, impedance (Z) is used to characterize circuit elements: Z=1/(2fC)

Act like frequency dependent resistor 1 (capacitive reactance, XC) X
C
fC
Instead of reactance, impedance (Z) used for circuit elements. Impedance1): The apparent opposition in an electrical circuit to the flow of alternating current that is analogous to the actual electrical resistance to a direct

Act like frequency dependent resistor (capacitive reactance, X1 C)
XC
fC
Instead of reactance, impedance (Z) used for circuit elements. Impedance1): The apparent opposition in an electrical circuit to the flow of alternating current that is analogous to the actual electrical resistance to a direct current. The impedance of a circuit element represents

Act like frequency dependent resistor (capacitive reactance, XC) 1
XC
fC
Instead of reactance, impedance (Z) used for circuit elements. Impedance1): The apparent opposition in an electrical circuit to the flow of alternating current that is analogous to the actual electrical resistance to a direct current. The impedance of a circuit element represents its resistive and/or reactive components Besides the magnitude dependency between voltage and current the impedance, Z, gives also information
Capacitors Impedance Magnitude |ZC| vs. Frequency

|Z|= 11 fC) C= 1 /( uF
ZC
1 .1 1 1 .1 1 1 .1 1 1 .1 1 1 .1 1 1 .1 1 .1 1 .1 1 .1 1 .1 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 11 1 FREQUENCY (Hz)
1 fC
|Z| (kohm)
11 1

VC,Max iC,Max
iC,Max = VC,Max / |ZC|
= +/2 = + 90o The current leads the voltage
RC networks AC Signals
C in Series with Signal Path VOUT C VIN t R C from Signal Path to Ground VOUT R VIN t C
The capacitor acts as a frequency dependent resistor It determines the current magnitude at a given voltage It causes a 90 degree phase shift between the capacitor current and voltage across the capacitor
RC networks AC Signals
C in Series with Signal Path VOUT C VIN t R C from Signal Path to Ground VOUT R VIN t C
For high frequency signals: The capacitor is low impedance Signals can pass the capacitor |ZC|=1/(2fC) For low frequency signals: The capacitor is high impedance Signals are blocked by the capacitor
C in Series with Signal Path High Pass Configuration

VOUT VIN C R VIN
1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1
00 . 0
11 . 1
00 . 0
11 . 1
00 . 0
|ZC|=1/(2fC)
VOUT VOUT/VINMAX Low f 0.32 Medium f 0.76 High f 0.90
-1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
11 . 1
11 . 1
11 . 1
11 . 1
11 . 1
C from Signal Path to Ground Low Pass Configuration

VOUT VIN R C VIN
1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1
00 . 0
11 . 1
00 . 0
11 . 1
00 . 0
|ZC|=1/(2fC)
VOUT/VINMAX Low f 0.96 Medium f 0.74 High f 0.39
-1
VOUT
1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
11 . 1
11 . 1
11 . 1
11 . 1
11 . 1
Capacitor & Resistor Networks Summary

C in Series with Signal Path VOUT C VIN R
Connected to DC voltages: Capacitors will allow current to flow only until they are charged Once charged, they block future current flow Capacitors act similar to frequency dependent resistors Low impedance at high frequencies High impedance at low frequencies.
C from Signal Path to Ground VOUT R VIN C
For AC signals:
Characteristics and Modeling

Inductors
Physical object which can store a magnetic field (electric current) Consists of a conductive wire Wire is typically a tightly wound coil around a center core (toroid) Usually used for energy conversion and for filtering purposes The inductor type is usually defined by its core material for example, air coil or ferrite coil inductors) Circuit symbol
or
Physical Properties of Inductors

The inductance of a toroid, for instance, is given by:
L=0.rN2.a/l
L N a = = = = = Inductance; Number of turns of the coil; l Coil cross section; Average field length; permeability of vacuum =410-7 V.s/(A.M)
l 0
r
=relative permeability
Core Wire
Larger value inductors have more turns and bigger cross section in less volume. They can store more energy (and may be more expensive).
Inductance of a Toroid
L N a = Inductance Units of: H = V s/A = Number of turns of the coil = Coil cross section Units of: m2 = Average field length Units of: m = Permeability = 0 r ; Units of: H/m = V s/A m = Permeability of free space = 410-7 Units of: H/m = V s/A m = Relative permeability
L=N2a/l
a
0 r
Permeabilty1) : the property of a ferro-magnetic substance that determines the degree in which it modifies the magnetic flux in the region occupied by it in a magnetic field 1) acc. to Websters 9th edition
Relative Size of Inductance

Inductance of a free air toroid (r = 1) with the cross l section of a=5cm2, average field length of =10cm, and N=100 turns1 is 1 1 1
L~
(1 111 / m) ( 1111 11m )( H ) x 1x 1 m 11

1
= 111 . x11H
Inductors in the H range are used in switching regulators Small relays, solenoids usually have mH values of inductance Inductors in general typically range from a few Henries (H) to micro Henries (H): 1 microHenry = 1H = 10-6H
Inductors Electrical Properties

The change of magnetic field or coil flux ( ) in an inductor is proportional to the change of electric current (I) flowing through the inductors windings: ~I The proportional factor between coil flux and current is given by the inductance of the coil: = LI
( = N)
Inductors Electrical Properties

The change of magnetic field or coil flux ( ) in an inductor is proportional to the change of electric current (I) flowing through the inductors windings: ~ I The proportional factor between coil flux and current is given by the inductance of the coil: ( = N) =LI
I = 2A
= 1Vs
L = /I = 1 Vs / 2 A = 0.5 Henry (H) Unit [L] = Vs/A = H
Serial and Parallel Inductance

Serial inductors Parallel inductors
L1 L L2
L1
L2
L = L1 + L2
1 1 1 = + L L1 L1
Inductor Experiment #1
An ideal voltage source is connected to an inductor
tON IL VIDEAL + + VL L The constant voltage causes the current to increase through
V, I
the inductor. VL IL tON

t
VIDEAL
An ideal voltage source is disconnected to an inductor
tOFF IL VIDEAL + -
Vsrc
+ VL -
If the constant voltage source is removed and the inductor is shorted the current through
V, I
VIDEAL
IL VL tON tOFF
t
the inductor remains constant.
tON IL VIDEAL + + VL L The rate of current change is proportional
V, I
to the voltage. VL1 IL1 tON

t
tON IL VIDEAL + + VL L The rate of current change is proportional
V, I
to the voltage. VL2 VL1 tON IL2 IL1

t
A voltage source is connected to an inductor through a resistor
tON VIDEAL + R IL + VL L The peak voltage across the inductor is VIDEAL. The current through IL the inductor will reach VIDEAL/R. tON t
VIDEAL VIDEAL/R
VL
A voltage source is connected through a variable resistor
tON VIDEAL + -
IIL C VC VL
+ -
C L
A voltage source is connected through a variable resistor V, I I
tON VIDEAL + R
R1 > R2
ICL + VC VL -
C L
VIDEAL VIDEAL/R1 IL1
VL1 tON t
A voltage source is connected through a variable resistor the The smaller V, I I
resistor, the longer it takes the current to become steady
tON VIDEAL + R
ICL
VC
R1 > R2
VL
+ -
L L IL2 IL1
VIDEAL/R2 VIDEAL VIDEAL/R1
VL1 tON
VL2 t
A voltage source is connected through a variable resistor the The smaller V, I I
resistor, the longer it takes the current to become steady
tON VIDEAL + R
R1 < R3
ICL + IL V VLC -
L L
VIDEAL VIDEAL/R1 VIDEAL/R3 VL1 VL3 tON t IL1 IL3
tON R
VL VIDEAL
VIDEAL
+ -
IIL + V
L
IC
tC = L/R
VL
L L
0.37VIDEAL
tC
The rise time of the capacitor's voltage is monitored: I t
ON
VL VIDEAL
VIDEAL
+ -
tC = L/R
ICL + IL V VLC -
L L
0.37VIDEAL 0.14VIDEAL 0.05VIDEAL 0
tC
2tC
3tC
Development of Mathematical Inductor Model: IL vs. VL

The self induced coil voltage when exposed to an alternating magnetic field is proportional to the change of coil flux vs. time: d d v ind = N = dt dt

The self induced coil voltage when exposed to an alternating magnetic field is proportional to the change of coil flux vs. time: d d
v ind = N
dt
dt
The voltage v applied across an inductor is always directly opposed to the self induced voltage vind: v = -vind = Nd /dt = d/dt (=> d = vdt)
v = v ind
d d =N = dt dt
or
d = v dt
(1)

The self induced coil voltage when exposed to an alternating magnetic field is proportional to the change of coil flux vs. time: d d
v ind = N
dt
dt
The voltage v applied across an inductor is always directly opposed to the self induced voltage vind: v = -vind = Nd /dt = /dt (=> d = vdt) d d d
v = v ind = N
dt
dt
or
d = v dt
(1)
The inductance is defined as coil flux vs. coil current, d L expressed as: = L di or d L= / IL, differentially = di (2)

v = v ind d d =N = dt dt or or d = v dt
(1)
d L= di
d = L di
(2)
Setting (1) equal to (2), the voltage current relation for an inductor equals di can be found: v = L
dt
Inductors
Voltage across VIN Inductor IL VL IL,max=VIN/R Current through Inductor
time
VIN
VL
Inductor & Resistor Networks

In general, there are two basic options for inductor placement:
L in Series with Signal Path VIN L VOUT L from Signal Path to Ground VIN R L VOUT
Inductor & ResistorNetworks

L in Series with Signal Path L VOUT + VL VIN R I L from Signal Path to Ground VIN R I L + VL VOUT
Initially a DC voltage is applied at the signal input IN. A voltage drops across the inductor and the current through the inductor increases

L in Series with Signal Path L VOUT + 0V VIN R I L from Signal Path to Ground VIN R I L + 0V VOUT
Initially a DC voltage is applied at the signal input IN. A voltage occurs across the inductor and the current through the inductor increases When the current through the inductor is at its maximum and remains constant, the voltage across the inductor equals zero

L in Series with Signal Path L VIN + 0V VIN R I L from Signal Path to Ground VIN R I L + 0V 0V
Initially a DC voltage is applied at the signal input IN. A voltage drops across the inductor and the current through the inductor increases When the current through the inductor is at its maximum and remains constant, the voltage across the inductor equals zero Depending on the inductors placement the steady state final voltages are VOUT = VIN or VOUT = 0V
Inductance in Series with Signal Path

t1 t2 VIN VX L I VOUT R
VX I
+ VL -
VOUT
t1
t2

VX I
VIN
+ VL -
VIN/R
VOUT
VIN
t1
t2

VX V I
IN
+ VL -
VIN/R
VOUT
VIN
t1
t2
Inductance From Signal Path to Ground

t1 t2 VIN VX R I L VOUT + VL -
VX I
VOUT
t1
t2
Capacitance From Signal Path to Ground

t1 t2 VIN VX
VX I
R I
VOUT + VL -
VIN
VIN/R
VOUT
VIN
t1
t2
Capacitance From Signal Path to Ground

t1 t2 VIN VX
VX I
R I
VOUT + VL -
VIN
VIN/R
VOUT
VIN -VIN t1 t2
RL Networks - AC Signals
What happens when an AC input signal is applied?
L in Series with Signal Path VOUT L VIN t R L from Signal Path to Ground VOUT R VIN t L
Inductors and AC signals

Act like frequency dependent resistor XL=2fL (inductive reactance, XL) Instead of reactance, impedance (Z) used for circuit elements.

Act like frequency dependent resistor XL=2fL (inductive reactance, XL) Instead of reactance, impedance (Z) used for circuit elements. Impedance: The apparent opposition in an electrical circuit to the flow of alternating current that is analogous to the actual electrical resistance to a direct current.

Act like frequency dependent resistor (inductive reactance, XL) X =2fL
L
Instead of reactance, impedance (Z) used for circuit elements. Impedance: The apparent opposition in an electrical circuit to the flow of alternating current that is analogous to the actual electrical resistance to a direct current. The impedance of a circuit element represents its resistive and/or reactive components

Act like frequency dependent resistor (inductive reactance, XL) XL=2fL Instead of reactance, impedance (Z) used for circuit elements. Impedance: The apparent opposition in an electrical circuit to the flow of alternating current that is analogous to the actual electrical resistance to a direct current. The impedance of a circuit element represents its resistive and/or reactive components Besides the magnitude dependency between voltage and current the impedance Z gives also information about the phase shift between the two.
Inductors Impedance Magnitude |ZL| vs. Frequency

|ZL|=2..f.L
1 1 1 1 1 1
|ZL|
(ohm)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 11
11 11
11 11
11 11
11 11
frequency (Hz)

VL,Max iL,Max
t iL,Max = VL,Max / |ZL|
= -/2 = -90o The current lags the voltage
RL networks AC signals
The inductor acts as a frequency dependent resistor It determines the current magnitude at a given voltage It causes a 90 degree phase shift between the inductor current and voltage
RC networks AC signals
For low frequency signals: The inductor is low impedance |ZL|=2fL Signals can pass the inductor For high frequency signals: The inductor is high impedance Signals are blocked by the inductor
L in Series with Signal Path Low Pass Configuration

VOUT VIN L R VIN
1 1 1 1 1 -1
00 . 0
11 . 1
00 . 0
11 . 1
00 . 0
Z=2..f.L
-1 -1
1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
00 . 0
11 . 1
00 . 0
11 . 1
00 . 0
L from Signal Path to Ground High Pass Configuration

VOUT VIN R L VIN
1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1
00 . 0
11 . 1
00 . 0
11 . 1
00 . 0
|ZL|=2..f.L
-1
1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
11 . 1
11 . 1
11 . 1
11 . 1
11 . 1
Inductor & Resistor Networks Summary

L in Series with Signal Path VIN L VOUT L from Signal Path to Ground VIN R L VOUT
Connected to DC voltages: The voltage across an inductor changes as current increases The voltage across inductor is 0V when current is constant Inductors act similar to frequency dependent resistors Low impedance at low frequencies High impedance at high frequencies.
For AC signals:
Capacitor vs. Inductor Unit Comparison

Capacitor Term and Sym s bols Electrical Field Strength Charge Current: I= dQ/dt or Q/t (rate of change of charge) Capacitance: C =Q / V E Q I Units V/m As A Inductor Term and Sym s bols Magnetic Field Strength Coil Flux (= N*) Voltage= -N(d/dt)= N/t (negative rate of change of flux tim the num of turns) es ber Inductance: L= /I Perm eability of Vacuum : m 1 1 0= 1-1 1 Energy Stored in an Inductor: E =L I1/ 1 Constant Voltage ( V ) Charging an Inductor Units H A/m
y
V
Vs V
C As/V e1 As/Vm E VAs J
L Vs/A
Perm ittivity of Vacuum -11 e1 1 .11 = .111 Energy Stored in a Capacitor: E =C V1/ 1 Constant Current ( I ) Charging a Capacitor
0 Vs/Am m 1
E VAs J
V =I t / C
I =V t / L

Lamp Experiment
Turn on an incandescent light bulb and measure the current
ton
14V
2
Lamp Experiment
Turn on an incandescent light bulb and measure the current t Result: I
on
~ 5.6A
14V
2
~ 600mA
ton
Model For an Incandescent Light Bulb
5.6A
14V
Light Bulb
600mA
ton

R1 5.6A 14V
600mA
V 11 V R1 = = I 11 . A
ton
R0 00 = .0

23.3 5.6A 14V
600mA
I = I1 [ -t/RC] exp
ton

23.3 5.6A 14V R2
600mA
V 1 . R1 11 = I R0 000 = .
ton

C 5.6A 14V 2.8 23.3
600mA
C = 11 . mF
ton
Simulation of Lamp RC 6.0 Model

5.0 Input Current (A) 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0
ton
0 mF .0 0V 0 00 .0
1 0 .0 0
ton
50
100
150 Time (ms)
200
250
300
350
Simulation of Lamp RC Model

6.0 5.0 Input Current (A) 4.0
ton
00 . mF 0V 0 00 . 0
1 0. 00
3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0
ton
50
100
150 Time (ms)
200
250
300
350
A RC Load Model for Incandescent Light Bulbs

The model for this lamps is represented by the network below When a lamp initially turns on, the filament is cold and has a relatively low resistance BUT as the filament warms up, the resistance increases dramatically 1
3.6mF 2.80
23.3
f(T)
2
Lamp Experiment
When a lamp initially turns on, the filament is cold and has a relatively low resistance As the filament warms up, the resistance increases dramatically ~ 5.6A
~ 600mA

Switching a Relay
To the right a high side switching application is shown The switch itself is modeled as a simple mechanical switch The relay can be modeled as a low ohmic resistor and inductor connected in
VBattery
S VR
Relay IL
VL
Switching On a Relay
S
open closed
time time
VBattery
VR
VL
VL decays over time time
+ VR
IL + VL -
IL
IL = (VR-VL) / R
time
Switching Off a Relay (1)

S
closed open
time time
VBattery
IL
time
+ VR
IL + VL -
time

S
closed open
time time
VBattery
IL
VL
IL cannot become zero instantaneously! VL becomes negative to force the current to 0A (VL = -L*di/dt)
time
+ VR
IL + VL -
VR
For VL < 0V, VR < 0V
time

S
closed open
time time
VBattery
Arcing
IL
VL
IL cannot go to zero instantaneously! VL goes far below ground to force the current to 0A
time
+ VR
IL + VL -
VR
For VL < 0V, VR < 0V (R~0)
time
Switching Off a Relay No Arcing (1)

S IL time ID time S
closed open
time
VBattery
+ VR
ID + VL -
VL
time
IL
VR
time

S IL time ID Diode turns on and provides a current path time S
closed open
time
VBattery
+ VR
ID + VL -
VL
time
IL
VR
time

S IL time ID If R~0, VL ~ VD VL If R~0, VR ~ -VD time time ID + VL time S
closed open
time
VBattery
+ VR
IL
VR

S IL time ID time S
closed open
time
VBattery
+ VR
ID + VL -
VL
time
IL
VR
time

S IL
closed open
time diL/dt = VL / L time
VBattery
ID If R~0, VL ~ 3VD VL If R~0, VR ~ -3VD
time
+ VR
ID + VL -
time
IL
VR
time

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Ch1 RLC Load

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Ch1 RLC Load

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Bridging Theory in Practice Transferring Technical Knowledge

RLC Load Characteristics and Modeling

RLC Load Characteristics and Modeling

RLC Load Characteristics and Modeling

Example Load Models: Turning on an Incandescent Lamp Switching a Relay

RLC Load Characteristics and Modeling

Electromechanical Power Conversion

RLC Load Characteristics and Modeling

Capacitors: Physical Properties

= Capacitance; = Area of each parallel plate; = Distance between parallel plates; a

Capacitors: Physical Properties

Relative Size of Capacitance

Capacitors Electrical Properties

C = Q/V = 8 A s / 16V = 0.5 Farad (F)

Parallel and Serial Capacitance

The constant current causes the voltage to linearly rise across

The rate of voltage change is proportional to the current.

The rate of voltage change is proportional to the current.

IC2 VC1 tON

VC1 IC1 tON t

VIDEAL VC1 IC1 tON R1

VIDEAL VC1 IC1 tON R1

VC2 VC1 IC1 tON

VIDEAL Capacitors are charged faster through smaller resistors t

VC1 VC3 Capacitors are charged faster through smaller resistors t

VC 0.95VIDEAL 0.87VIDEAL 0.63VIDEAL

Development of Mathematical Capacitor Model: IC vs. VC

The relations above are derivatives for very small changes

Development of Mathematical Capacitor Model: IC vs. VC

Development of Mathematical Capacitor Model: IC vs. VC

dv i dt = C dv or i = C Setting (2) equal to (1) results in:dt

Capacitor & Resistor Networks

Capacitor & Resistor Networks

C from Signal Path to Ground R VIN I C + VC VOUT

Capacitor & Resistor Networks

Capacitor & Resistor Networks

Capacitance in Series with Signal Path

Capacitors and AC signals

Capacitors and AC signals

Capacitors and AC signals

Capacitors and AC signals

Capacitors Impedance Magnitude |ZC| vs. Frequency

Capacitors and AC signals

= +/2 = + 90o The current leads the voltage

C in Series with Signal Path High Pass Configuration

C from Signal Path to Ground Low Pass Configuration

Capacitor & Resistor Networks Summary

C from Signal Path to Ground VOUT R VIN C

Characteristics and Modeling

Physical Properties of Inductors

Relative Size of Inductance

(1 111 / m) ( 1111 11m )( H ) x 1x 1 m 11

Inductors Electrical Properties

Inductors Electrical Properties

L = /I = 1 Vs / 2 A = 0.5 Henry (H) Unit [L] = Vs/A = H

Serial and Parallel Inductance

the inductor. VL IL tON

the inductor remains constant.

to the voltage. VL1 IL1 tON

to the voltage. VL2 VL1 tON IL2 IL1

VIDEAL VIDEAL/R1 IL1

VIDEAL/R2 VIDEAL VIDEAL/R1