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natural sounds
no systematic meaning
speech sounds
a code system.
Definition of Phonetics
Phonetics is the science of speech sounds, which aims to provide the set of features or properties that can be used to describe and distinguish all the sounds used in human language.
The principal cavities or resonators: -the pharyngeal cavity -the oral cavity -the nasal cavity (-the labial cavity) The vocal tract: - the long tubular structure formed by the first three cavities.
I take it you already know Of tough and bough and cough and dough?
Others may stumble but not you On hiccough, thorough, lough and through.
Well done! And now you wish, perhaps, To learn of less familiar traps?
I take it you already know Of tough and bough and cough and dough? [tf] [bau] [kf] [d] Others may stumble but not you On hiccough, thorough, lough and through. ['hkp] ['r] [lk] [ru:] Well done! And now you wish, perhaps, To learn of less familiar traps?
Consonants
The place of articulation the manner of articulation.
(2)Place of Articulation
When describing the place of articulation, what we usually consider is the place within the vocal tract where the articulators form a stricture.
Give the IPA symbol for each of the consonants described below
1) voiced bilabial plosive 2) voiceless alveolar plosive 3) voiceless dental fricative 4) voiced bilabial nasal 5) voiceless labio-dental fricative b t
m f
Vowels
suprasegmentals
stress pitch tone Intonation They relate to aspects of pronunciation that go beyond the production of individual segments.
[,u:nI'v:stI ]
Read it!
The story in Pinyin: shsh shsh shsh, sh sh, sh sh sh shsh shsh sh sh sh sh shsh, sh sh sh sh sh shsh, sh shsh sh sh sh sh sh sh sh, sh sh sh sh sh, sh sh sh sh shsh sh sh sh sh sh sh, sh shsh shsh sh, sh sh sh sh shsh shsh sh, sh sh sh sh sh sh shsh sh, sh sh sh sh sh sh sh sh sh sh shsh sh sh sh
Read again
The story in Chinese characters:
sound. How do we know two sounds are the same or different? Phoneme:
a class of sounds which are identified by a native speaker as the same sound. The form we think of sounds and store them in memory Marked as /p/
Allophones:
the members of these classes The actual phonetic segments produced by a native speaker Marked as [ph], [po]
1. Is there a minimal pairPhonetic environment for the given sounds? If yes, go to 2. If not, go to 5. If not, go to 4. Overlapping Overlapping complementary 3. The sounds are contrastive, i.e. separate phonemes. Identical environment
Distribution of speech sounds 3. 2. Do the words in the pair differ in meaning? If yes, go to
4. The sounds are allophones in free variation. Contrastive overlapping: (minimal pairs) same phonetic environment, differences which each sound Describe the phonetic environment in in meaning. The appears; e.g.differences in comes before and after each sound. list what sounds lead to distinctions in Contrastive Free variations meaning Do minimal pair occur in the same (or similar) the Free variations: same linguistic invironment, no sounds distinction in are their environments complementary? environments, ormeaning. (allophones) /t/ in Not ready & Britain. If same/similar, go to 6. Complementary Different One sound found to position where the other(s) 5. If complementary, goin a 7. phonemes occur and vice versa: the distributionsame Allophones of the of one cannot 6. The soundsthe complement your best guessthe that they're sound is contrast so of the distribution of is phoneme other. (allophones) separate phonemes, and you'd expect to find minimal pit, spit, pairs with more data. 7. The sounds represent allophones of a single phoneme.
/t/and /d/ in time and dime
mul water pal leg sul Seoul ilkop seven ipalsa barber
Do they occur in any minimal pairs? Are they in complementary distribution? In what environment does each occur?
sm sack
Sosl novel sk color us
upper
ihap game ilsu mistake ipsam thirteen inho signal mai delicious
Are [s] and [] allophones of the same phoneme or is each an allophone of a separate phoneme?
There are no minimal pairs that will help to answer
this question. Determine, instead, whether they are in complementary distribution. If they are, state their distribution. If they are not in complementary distribution, state the contrasting environment.
In Czech, there are two alveo-dental stops,[t] and [d], and two palatal stops,[ty] and [dy]. To how many phonemes are these four sounds assignable?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. dej = 'give!' dyedyit = 'to inherit' dyej = 'action' dyelo = 'cannon' kotel = 'kettle' kotye = 'kitten' tedi = 'hence' tele = 'calf (animal)' 9. tyelo = 'body' 10. teta = 'aunt' 11. tikat = 'to be on a firstname basis' 12. titul = 'title' 13. tyikat = 'to tick (clock)' 14. vada = 'flaw' 15. vana = 'bathtub' 16. vata = 'absorbent cotton'
Feature Theory
The idea of DISTINCTIVE FEATURES was first developed by Roman Jacobson (1896-1982) in the 1940s as a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds. Major distinctions
[consonantal] : distinguish between consonants and vowels
[sonorant] distinguishes between what we call OBSTRUENTS
(stops, fricatives and affricates) and SONORANTS (all other consonants and vowels
BINARY FEATURES
features are grouped into two categories: one with this feature
and the other without. Binary features have two values or specifications denoted by + and so voiced obstruents are marked [+voiced] and voiceless obstruents are marked [voiced].
Laryngeal features
These features represent laryngeal states
[voice]
[spread glottis] This feature distinguishes
Place features
Dentals/ alveopalatals Palatals/velars [labial] labials alveolars [rounded] [anterior] + + [coronal]: any sound articulated with the tongue tip or blade raised [coronal] + [anterior]: any sound articulated in front of the alveopalatalbregion d s z n l r ] examples [p m] [t [, t] [k g ] [strident]: the noisy fricatives and affricates
Dorsal features
Features represent placement of the body of the tongue
[High] [Low] [back] [tense]: The tense-lax distinction
Manner features
[+/- continuant] Free or nearly free airflow through the oral cavity:
[+/- nasal]: any sound made with the velum lowered. [+/- lateral] All and only varieties of [l] are [+lateral]. [+/- delayed release] This feature distinguishes stops from affricates. Affricate are designated [+dr].
sounds in the language. Translated into fature notation, the rule for the English plural suffix reads as follows:
[iz] if noun eds with [+coronal, +strident], otherwise [s] if ends with [+stiff vocal cords, -voice], otherwise [z]
X, Y: conditioning environment
___ : the position of the segment undergoing the rule
: becomes
Assimilation processes
The spreading of phonetic features either in the anticipation or in the perseveration of articulatory processes.
English alveolar nasals becomes bilabial
+nasal -labial
+nasal +labial
+voice
Feature addition
a segment has a non-distinctive feature
voiceless stops becomes aspirated at the
Dissimilation
Rules in which a segment becomes less similar to another segment.
Sixthsikst
fifth--fift
same syllable The rhyme (R): is made up the nucleus and coda. The onset (O): is made up of those segments that precede a rhyme in the same syllable.
np
Procedures--2
Onset before codas the longest sequence of consonants to the left of each nucleus.
Procedure--3
Any remaining consonants to the right of each nuclueus form the coda and are linked to a C above them.
NC
Procedure4
Syllables that make up a single form branch out from the representation wd.
Wd
NC