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Thermal Power Generation

Layout of a Pulverized Fuel Power Plant

All power plants convert some form of easily and naturally available energy in to electrical energy. In thermal power plan

What is Thermal Power ?

Electricity Generation using heat value of Fuel

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Energy Conversion
All power plants convert some form of easily and naturally available energy in to electrical energy. In thermal power plant, Water is the working fluid. The source of energy is Chemical Energy of fuel. Sequence of energy conversion is:
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Fig. Energy conversion taking place in the thermal power plant) 5

Working Principle Rankine Cycle

Law of Conservation of Energy

Chemical Energy of Fuel

Heat Energy in Furnace Heat Energy of Medium Water(H.P. Steam) Kinetic Energy of Turbine Rotor Electromotive force & Electricity Generation

Chemical Energy is converted to Heat Energy by combustion Of fuel in Boiler. Pump delivers condensed water from Condenser back to Boiler.

Heat energy converts water to high pressure, high temperature steam. (in Boiler)

Steam is admitted to Turbine through pipes.

Generator is coupled to Turbine, where mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy.

Steam exhausted from turbine condenses in Condenser, rejecting unavailable heat energy.

In Turbine, steam expands as it is passed through number of nozzles. Heat energy is thus converted to kinetic energy.

Steam is then passed over blades, arranged on shaft of Turbine. Shaft rotates & Kinetic energy is thus converted to mechanical work
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Main Inputs
Water : Medium Coal : Fuel

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WHY COAL as Fuel

Coal can provide usable energy at a cost of between 12 to 15 % compared to oil and natural gas, and coal prices are relatively stable. Coal is inherently higher-polluting and more carbon-intensive than other energy alternatives. However, coal is so inexpensive that one can spend quite a bit on pollution control, and still maintain coals competitive position.

Main Plants/Machines
CHP : To Handle Fuel Coal WTP : To Treat Water Boiler : Generate High Press, High Temp Steam Turbine: As a prime mover to Generator Generator: To Generate Electricity Transformer : For required Voltage Switch yard : On ward Transmission of Power

TYPES OF WATER REQUIRED AT TPS

DEMINERALISED WATER BOILER SOFTEN WATER COOLING & GENERAL SERVICE DRINKING WATER DOMESTIC PURPOSE ASH HANDLING RAW WATER OR UNTREATED WATER FIRE FIGHTING UNTREATED WATER COAL HANDLING UNTREATED WATER DM % 3-4 CW/GS % 50-55 AHP % 40-45 DOMESTIC % 6-7

STRUCTURE OF BOILERS
Boiler structure is supported on 4 columns that is hung from top and supported on vertical columns Boiler is of tangentially fired balanced draught natural circulating radiant reheat cycle dry bottom with direct pulverized coal type All plates, rivets, bars and their testing is covered under regulation and construction is done under the supervision of inspecting officer at all the stages Total expansion of boiler vertically downwards in heated condition is 340 mm and ideal expansion is 1.2 mm/mtr/1000 C Seal through and bottom ash hoppers is provided

Boiler System
This system consists of Furnace System Super Heater System Re heater System LTSH System Economiser System Air Heater System PA System SA System I D System Mill System

Pressure parts of Boiler

Waterwall Economiser Superheater Reheater Boiler drum

Wind box

CROSS SECTION OF BOILER FURNACE & FLUE GAS PATH

DRUM Lifting in Progress

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TURBINES

Turbine System
This consists of

HP Turbine IP Turbine LP Turbine Regeneration Heating System consists of

1. HP Heaters 3. Deaerator 5. CEP and BFP

2. LP Heaters 4. Condenser 6. CW System

TURBINE CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW

General Description
There are three steam turbines in a thermal power plant, namely, high pressure turbine(HPT), intermediate pressure turbine(IPT) and low pressure turbine(LPT) The high pressure turbine (HPT) comprises of 12 stages, the first stage being governing stage. The steam flow in HPT being in reverse direction, the blades in HPT are designed for anticlockwise rotation, when viewed in the direction of steam flow. After passing through H.P. Turbine steam flows to boiler for reheating and reheated steam comes to the Intermediate Pressure Turbine (IPT) The Intermediate Pressure Turbine has 11 stages. H.P. & I.P. rotors are connected by rigid coupling and have a common bearing. After flowing through IPT, steam enters the middle part of low pressure turbine (LPT) through two cross-over pipes. In L.P. Turbine, steam flows in the opposite paths having four stages in each path. After leaving the L.P. Turbine the exhaust steam condenses in the surface condensers welded directly to the exhaust part of the L.P. Turbine.

HPT Cross section

Steam flow in a turbine

Steam in H.P turbine : P = 140 kg/cm2 T = 540 oC Steam in I.P : P= 26 kg/cm2 T = 540 oC Steam in L.P. : P = 7 kg/cm2 T = 270 oC

Working principle
Kinetic energy converted to rotational energy which rotates the rotor of generator Blades are so designed so as not to strike the blades but to glide on to avoid wearing Total motive force acting on the blades is thus the resultant of all the centrifugal force plus the change of momentum

ROTORS
HIGH PRESSURE

INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE

GLANDS
WATER SEALED GLANDS

CARBON RING GLANDS DIAGPHRAGM GLANDS

LABYRINTH GLANDS

Protections & Interlocks

To save the loss to men & Machines Smooth Operation Requisite & Extended life Statutory Acts

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GOVERNING SYSTEM

Remote Trip Solenoid Filtered Valves Control Oil Main Trip Valves

TEST V/V

STOP V/V SERVO MOTOR

STOP & CONTRO L VALVE CONTROL VALVE SERVO MOTOR

AOP Trip Oil Filter

MOP AOP Discharge header

Secondary Oil

Aux Start-up Oil

Aux Trip Oil

Electro-Hyd Converter

Hyd Converter

Start-up Oil

Startin g Device

Filtered Controlled Oil Hyd. Trip Device

TURBINE OVERSPEED TRIP DEVICE

AUX START-UP OIL TO RESET AUX TRIP OIL

FLY BOTL Drain

Aux Trip Oil

TURBINE OVERSPEED TRIP DEVICE

THRUST BEARING TRIP DEVICE

AUX START-UP OIL TO RESET

AUX TRIP OIL

TURBINE SHAFT

TEST OIL

RESETTING OF Thrust TRIPPING OF Thrust Bearing TRIP DEVICE

Drain

HP TURBINE
MS

IP TURBINE

LP TURBINE

TG SET

CRH NRV

HPSV
HPCV

IPSV IPCV

GENERATOR

HPCV CRH NRV IPCV

HPSV
IPSV MS

HRH

Condenser
BOILER

Generator

Faradys Law of Induced EMF

Generator Components
Stator Rotor Exciter Stator water cooling system Rotor & Stator Hydrogen cooling System Hydrogen Seal oil System Bus Ducts Generator synchronising system