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Any mfg org. Can be termed as a prod'n system to produce goods and services. There are three main components of this system namely inputs, transformation process and output.
Any mfg org. Can be termed as a prod'n system to produce goods and services. There are three main components of this system namely inputs, transformation process and output.
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Any mfg org. Can be termed as a prod'n system to produce goods and services. There are three main components of this system namely inputs, transformation process and output.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formati disponibili
Scarica in formato PPT, PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
prod’n system to produce goods & services. There are three main components of this system namely inputs, transformation process and output. Combination of all activities and operations to produce some goods and services is known as mfg system. Manufacturing systems • Prod’n is the process by which goods and services are created. The inputs can be raw materials, components, paperwork, etc. whereas o/p are completed parts, products, paper work o/p services and scrap. The conversion process can be characterized as Receipt and storage of raw materials. These are drawn by the prod’n deptt. acc. To • The mfg system nay therefore be viewed as an interdependent gyps. Of sub systems, each related to its successor, each performing a different function through yet united with other for achievement of overall system objectives. It interacts with both internal and external environment. The internal environment can be a combination of mktg, a/c’s, personnel and finance activities. The external envir. Can be combined effect of customers, competitors, suppliers etc. Types of Mfg Systems • Intermittent system • Continuous system Intermittent System • These are those where the prod’n facilities are flexible enough to handle a wide variety of products and sizes. • Most products are produced in small qty’s. • Machines and equipments are laid out by process. • Workloads are generally unbalanced. • Highly skilled operators are reqd. for efficient use of machines and equipments. • In-process inventory is large. • Planning and ctrl mechanism for intermittent systems is such that here the customers provides the blue print and other specification regarding the product to be mfg’d Then the org. Formulates their prod’n strategy to suit the needs of the customer Types of Intermittent Systems • Job Prod’n:- Job or ‘make complete’ prod’n is the prod'n of single complete unit by one operator or gp. Of operators e.g. bridge buid’g, dam construction etc. Here whole project is considered as one operation and work is completed on each product before passing on to next. Each product is a class by itself and requires a distinct and separate job for prod’n purposes. The system requires versatile and highly skilled Labour wit high capital invt’s. Ctrl of operations is relatively • In this system the goods are produced to definite customer’s orders. There is no assurance of continuous demand for specific items and the mfg depends on the receipt of orders from customers. 2. Whole project is taken as single operation. 3. Work is to be completed on each product before processing the next item. 4. Versatile and skilled Labour is needed . 5. High capital invt. 6. Ctrl operations are relatively simple. 7. High unit cost of prod’n. Any org mfg heavy and special purpose Batch Prod’n. • In the system of batch prod’n any product is divided into parts or operations and that each operation is to be completed throughout the whole batch before the next operation is undertaken. The best example of batch prod’n system is of chemical industry, where different medicines are mfg'd in batches. • In this system a batch is not passed to next operation until the work on the previous operation is complete for the whole batch and no new batch enters the prod’n line, till all the operations for mfg any product are completed. This results in considerable idle time for various Features of Intermittent system 1. Demand can be discontinuous . 2. All operational stages may not be balanced. 3. Elaborate sequencing and scheduling is required. 4. Needs high invt. 5. Planning, routing and scheduling changes with fresh orders. 6. Storage is necessary at each stage of prod’n process. 7. Can adjust to new situation and specification. Continuous system • In this the items are produced for the stocks and not for specific orders. Before planning mfg to stock, sales forecast is made to estimate likely demand of product and master schedule is prepared to adjust the sales forecast according to past orders and level of inventory. After setting master prod’n schedule, detailed planning is carried on. • In continuous mfg systems each prod’n run manufactures in large lot sizes and the prod’n process is carried on in a definite sequence of operations in a pre-determined order. FIFO priority rules are followed in the system. In short, her input-output characteristics are standardized allowing for standardization of operations and their sequence. Features of continuous system 1. There must be continuity of demand. 2. The product must be standardized . 3. Material shd. Be per specifications and delivered on time. 4. All operations stages in the process must be balanced. 5. Work must conform to quality standards. 6. Appropriate plant and equipment must be provided. 7. Maintenance must be by anticipation and not by default. 8. Inspection must be in line with prod’n Types of continuous system • Mass prod’n • Process prod’n Mass prod’n. • Standardization is the fundamental characteristic of this system. Here items are produced in large qty’ies and much emphasis is given to consumers orders. In fact the prod’n is to stock and not to order. Uniform and uninterrupted flow of material is maintained through the pre- determined sequence of operations reqd. to produce the product. The Process prod’n • This method is used for mfg those items whose demand is continuous and high e.g. petroleum products, particular brand of medicines, heavy chemical industries etc. Here single raw material can be transformed into different kinds of product at different stages of the prod’n process e.g. in processing of crude oil in refinery one gets kerosene, gasoline etc. at different stages of prod’n. • In mass and processing systems planning and scheduling for materials and finished products is done well in advance.