ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF ANCIENT ITALY

WEEK FOUR Jan 26, 2012 Etruscans and Samnites in Campania

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Iron Age Fossa Culture

San Valentino Torio

ca. 7 miles NE of Pompeii

Plan of Tomb 180

Plan of Tomb 178

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Biconical Vases with helmets of impasto Pontecagnano (Salerno) ca. 9th century BC

Hut urn from Tomb 2500 Pontecagnano (Salerno) 9th c BC

Tomb 3224 c. 9th century BCE Pontecagnano (Salerno)

Tomb 3212, Pontecagnano c. 9th century BCE

Drawing of tomb contents from male cremation burial (Tomb 3191) Pontecagnano (Salerno) c. 775-750 BCE

Etruscan Tomb 928 Pontecagnano (Salerno) 7th c. BCE

Pit lined with travertine slabs surrounded by an enclosure of travertine slabs

Pontecagnano: Etruscan Tomb 928 second quarter of the 7th c BCE

Bronze lebes (deep bowl) w/ ash of deceased Silver vessels Utensils and ornaments in bronze and iron Impasto vessels cart

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Syniokism: the growth and development of some settlements by the absorption of smaller neighboring settlements

Etruscan History in Campania

Capua: Head of Etruscan Dodecapoli 504 BCE Etruscan defeated at Battle of Ariccia: Greeks and Latins vs Etruscans 474 BCE Etruscan defeat at naval battle at Cumae: Syracusans and Cumaeans vs Etruscans 423 BC becomes a Samnite city

Strabo Geography 5.4.3

At first it [Campania] was inhabited by the Opici, and also by the Ausones, later on it was taken by the Sidicini, an Oscan tribe, but the Sidicini were ejected by those from Cumae, and in turn the Cumaeans by the Tyrrheni. For on account of its fertility, they continue, the plain became an object of contention; and the Tyrrheni founded twelve cities in the country and named their capital city "Capua"; but on account of their luxury living they became soft, and consequently, just as they had been made to get out of the country round about the Padus,so now they had to yield this country to the Samnites; and in turn the

Samnites in Campania
Dionysus of Halicarnassus 15.3.7: these men [Campanians = Samnites] themselves did not acquire the land which they formerly occupied [Campania] in a just manner, but after enjoying the hospitality of the Tyrrhenians [Etruscans] who inhabited it, they slew all the men and took over their wives, their homes, their cities, and their land that was so well worth 7/16/12 fighting for

Livy History of Rome 4.37

The consuls elected were C. Sempronius Atratinus and Q. Fabius Vibulanus. There is recorded under this year an incident which occurred in a foreign country, but still important enough to be mentioned, namely, the capture of Volturnus, an Etruscan city, now called Capua, by the Samnites. It was after the Etruscans, weakened by a long war, had granted them a 7/16/12 joint occupancy of the city and its

Triple-disc breastplate
4th c. BCE Tomb 169 (zone C) Aufidena Samnium

Distribution of triple-disc breastplates (Burns 2003).

Campanian ware

Crater of the Libation Painter of Capua (www.sanniti.co m)

Crater of the Libation Painter of Capua (Sarno 2000)

Libation Painter 4th c BC

AXEL GUTTMANN COLLECTION OF ANCIENT ARMS AND ARMOUR

Necropolis of Cimitile-Nola Tomb Weege 30 ca. 330-320

BCE

Livy History of Rome 9.40

There were two divisions[of the Samnite Linen Legion]; one had their shields plated with gold, the other with silver. The shield was made straight and broad at the top to cover the chest and shoulders, then became narrower towards the bottom to allow of it being more easily moved about. To protect the front of the body they wore coats of chain armor; the left leg was covered with a greave, and their helmets were plumed to give them the appearance of being taller than they really were. The tunics of the men with gold plated shields wore multicolored tunics, those with the silver shields had tunics of white linen.

Gold-plated bronze Samnite breastplate from Ksour es-Saf, Tunisia

POSEIDONIA/PAESTUM
The Leucani are Samnite in race, but upon mastering the Poseidoniatae and their allies in war they took possession of their cities. At all other times, it is true, their government was democratic, but in times of war they were wont to choose a king from those who held magisterial offices. But now they are Romans. Strabo Geography 6.1.8

Painted Tomb 58 from Poseidonia/Paestum

Tomb-paintings from Poseidonia/Paestum, Tomb 12 "Return of the Warrior"

Tomb 4 from necropolis of Vannullo (Poseidonia/Paestum) 4th c BCE "Return of the Warrior"

Return of the Warrior

Poseidonia/Paes tum

Tomb 12 c. 375-370 BCE

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Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 86 c. 330-320 BCE

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Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 86 c. 330-320 BCE Return of the Warrior

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Rustic Scene: man in cart pulled by mules

Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 86 c. 330-320 BCE

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Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 86 c. 330-320 BCE Winged female in a twohorse chariot

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Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 47 c. 350 BCE

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Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 47 c. 350 BCE

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Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 271 c. 400-375 BCE

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Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 271 c. 400-375 BCE

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Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 271 c. 400-375 BCE Sports: chariot racing

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Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 10 c. 350 BCE

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Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 10 c. 350 BCE

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Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 10 c. 350 BCE mourning

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Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 10 c. 350 BCE weaving

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Tomb 58 c 340 BCE

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Tomb 58 c 340 BCE sphinx duel, flute player, woman weeping deceased woman

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Paestu m

Tomb 1 c 375350 BCE

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Boxers with Flute Player Tomb 1, Poseidonia c 375350 BCE

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Tomb 1 Samnite Warrior

Hunting Sea Serpent

c 375-350 BCE Poseidonia

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Samnite Warrior Hunting Sea Serpent Poseidonia/Paestum: Tomb 1

c 375-350 BCE

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Battle scenes

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Poseidonia/Paestum Tomb 218 c. 370-360 BCE Hunting Deer Scene

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Samnites in Campania (and Lucania)

Local pottery production (Campanian and Lucanian ware) New burial customs : Painted-tombs

Return of the Warrior Mourning, burial scenes of deceased Sports: chariot racing, boxing Hunting Combat

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Poseidonia: Tomb 174 c 390-380 BCE Male burial

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Poseidonia: Tomb 174 c. 390-380 BCE

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Poseidonia: Tomb 174 Iron Strigil

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Poseidonia: Tomb 199 c. 390-380 BCE 1: Lucanian Hydra

Female burial

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Poseidonia: Tomb 164 c. 380-370 BCE objects from a male burial

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Paestum Tomb 164 c 380-370 BCE

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Paestum Tomb 126 c. 420-400 BCE

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