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Part I
Answer:
Systolic murmur is caused by increased flow across the pulmonary valve, NOT THE ASD. Diastolic murmur is caused by increased flow across the tricupsid valve & this suggest high flow Qp:Qs is 2:1.
Incomplete Form
Any one of the components may be present. Most common is primum ASD, cleft in the MV & small VSD. Hemodynamics are dependent on the lesions.
Pulmonary Stenosis
Pulmonary Stenosis is obstruction in the region of either the pulmonary valve or the subpulmonary ventricular outflow tract. Accounts for 7-10% of all CHD. Most cases are isolated lesions Maybe biscuspid or fusion of 2 or more leaflets. Can present w/or w/o an intact ventricular septum.
Pulmonary Stenosis
Question: What syndrome is PS associated with? Answer: Noonans Syndrome, secondary to valve dysplasia.
Pulmonary Stenosis
Hemodynamics RV pressure hypertrophy RV failure. RV pressures maybe > systemic pressure. Post-stenotic dilation of main PA. W/intact septum & severe stenosis R-L shunt through PFO cyanosis. Cyanosis is indicative of Critical PS.
Pulmonary Stenosis
Clinical Signs & Symptoms Depends on the severity of obstruction. Asymptomatic w/ mild PS < 30mmHg. Mod-severe: 30-60mmHg, > 60mmHg Prominent jugular a-wave, RV lift Split 2nd hrt sound w/ a delay Ejection click, followed by systolic murmur. Heart failure & cyanosis seen in severe cases.
Pulmonary Stenosis
Treatment Mild PS no intervention required, close follow-up. Mod-severe require relieve of stenosis. Balloon valvuloplasty, treatment of choice. Surgical valvotomy is also a consideration.
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Stenosis is an obstruction to the outflow from the left ventricle at or near the aortic valve that causes a systolic pressure gradient of more than 10mmHg. Accounts for 7% of CHD. 3 Types Valvular Most common. Subvalvular(subaortic) involves the left outflow tract. Supravalvular involves the ascending aorta is the least common.
Aortic Stenosis
Question: Which syndrome is supravalvular stenosis found in? Answer: Williams Syndrome
Aortic Stenosis
Hemodynamics Pressure hypertrophy of the LV and LA with obstruction to flow from the LV. Mild AS 0-25mmHG Moderate AS 25-50mmHg Severe AS 50-75mmHg Critical AS > 75mmHg
Aortic Stenosis
Clinical Signs & Symptoms Mild AS may present with exercise intolerance, easy fatigabiltity, but usually asymptomatic. Moderate AS Chest pain, dypsnea on exertion, dizziness & syncope. Severe AS Weak pulses, left sided heart failure, Sudden Death.
Aortic Stenosis
Clinical Signs & Symptoms LV thrust at the Apex. Systolic thrill @ rt base/suprasternal notch. Ejection click, III-IV/VI systolic murmur @ RSB/LSB w/ radiation to the carotids.
Aortic Stenosis
Treatment Because surgery does not offer a cure it is reserved for patients with symptoms and a resting gradient of 60-80mmHg. For subaortic stenosis it is reserved for gradients of 40-50mmHg because of its rapidly progressive nature. Balloon valvuloplasty is the standard of treatment.
Aortic Stenosis
Treatment Aortic insufficiency & re-stenosis is likely after surgery and may require valve replacement. Activity should not be restricted in Mild AS. Mod-severe AS, no competitive sports.
Questions
Examination of a 3-hr old infant reveals dysmorphic features and cyanosis. Both the occiput and facial profile are flat, and the fontanelle is abnormally enlarged. The space between the great and second toe is wide, and there is a palmar crease extending across the left palm. Room air oximetry reveals a saturation 70%.
Questions
Of the following, the MOST likely lesion to be found on echocardiography would be A. Atrioventricular septal defect B. Coarctation of the aorta C. Hypoplastic left heart D. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return E. Truncus arteriosus
Questions
After a few days of poor feeding and tachypnea, a 3 week old presents with hypotension, poor central and peripheral pulses, and severe metabolic acidosis. A gallop is audible, and the heart appears enlarged on chest radiography. Hepatomegaly is marked.
Questions
Of the following, the BEST intervention to produce a sustained improvement is A. 100% Oxygen administration B. Dopamine infusion C. Gamma globulin infusion D. Phenylephrine infusion E. Prostaglandin E infusion
Questions
A term infant is born with a large ventricular septal defect. At what age is the infant most likely to first demonstrate clinical findings of CHF A. 2 days B. 2 weeks C. 2 months D. 6 months E. 12 months