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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH

International Journal of Current Research
Vol. 3, Issue, 11, pp.089-096, November, 2011

ISSN: 0975-833X

RESEARCH ARTICLE

PATTERNS OF INTERNAL MIGRATION: AN ANALYSIS USING CENSUS DATA OF TAMILNADU *,1 Dr. K. Jothy and 2Ms. S. Kalaiselvi
1Department 2Department

of Population Studies, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamilnadu of Economics (DDE), Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamilnadu
ABSTRACT
Internal migration is a necessary element of normal population redistribution and equilibrium. The mobility of people within its national boundaries has been the subject of increasing study in recent decades. Of the three components of population change viz; birth, death and migration, internal mobility has been most difficult to measure. Such studies are therefore labouring under a major handicap of insufficient data. There are not enough questions on internal migration in Indian Censuses. However, it can be said that from census to census efforts are made to gather enough data on internal migration. For instance from 1981, data has been collected on reasons for migration. In these circumstances an attempt has made in this paper to analyze the internal migration patterns of Tamilnadu. The data for this study are derived from Census of India, 2001. According to the 2001 Census data, migration estimates can be had on place of birth and place of last residence data. As the cross tabulations are available only for last residence data, the study is based on the last residence data. In 2001, broadly four questions on internal migration were canvassed viz; place of birth, place of last residence, and duration of residence and reasons for migration. The technique that is used for measuring the migration movements in Tamilnadu is the direct one involving comparisons of data on place of last residence with place of current residence in order to measure life time migration. These data are readily available in the census which permits the measurement of the streams of migration in each direction between any two areas.
Copy Right, IJCR, 2011, Academic Journals. All rights reserved.

ARTICLE INFO
Article History:
Received 17th August, 2011 Received in revised form 08th September, 2011 Accepted 29th October, 2011 Published online 20th November, 2011

Key words:
Internal migration Normal population Birth, Death and migration, Internal mobility Indian Censuses.

INTRODUCTION
The data for this study are derived from Census of India, 2001. According to the 2001 Census data, migration estimates can be had on place of birth and place of last residence data. As the cross tabulations are available only for last residence data, the study is based on the last residence data. In 2001, broadly four questions on internal migration were canvassed viz; place of birth, place of last residence, and duration of residence and reasons for migration. Internal migration is a necessary element of normal population redistribution and equilibrium. The mobility of people within its national boundaries has been the subject of increasing study in recent decades. Of the three components of population change viz; birth, death and migration, internal mobility has been most difficult to measure. Such studies are therefore labouring under a major handicap of insufficient data. There are not enough questions on internal migration in Indian Censuses. However it can be said that from census to census efforts are made to gather enough data on internal migration. For instance from 1981, data has been collected on reasons for migration.The main objectives of the study are
*Corresponding author: drjothy2005@yahoo.co.in

to explain the nature, the direction and volume of migratory movements in the state and compare these patterns with the corresponding all India data. to study some of the differential characteristics of migrants, their place of origin and destination and to analyse the determining factors underlying such movements in Tamilnadu as revealed in 2001 Census data. to point out the reasons for migration and compare them with the national data.

METHODS
The technique that is used for measuring the migration movements in Tamilnadu is the direct one involving comparisons of data on place of last residence with place of current residence in order to measure life time migration. These data are readily available in the census which permits the measurement of the streams of migration in each direction between any two areas. Regarding the quality of data it is seen from Table-1, that migrants by place of birth are less than migrants by place of last residence. This is expected because it is known that place of birth data does not take into consideration the return migrants. However the census provides cross tabulations only for migrants based on last residence and hence under enumeration of migrants by place

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of birth data will not affect the study. One important limitation of the data is that information is available only for immigrants and hence the study analysis is confined to only immigrants. Patterns of internal migration Volume of Migrants in the State: It is seen from Table-1, that in 2001 15.3 million migrants based on place of birth and 15.8 million migrants based on place of last residence were returned as migrants. As it is proposed to analyse the data based on place of last residence, hereafter the analysis will be confined to migrants based on last residence. The percentage of migrants to the total population of the Tamil nadu state as of 2001 was 25.4. Out of the total immigrants 68.4 percent were intra district migrants, the inter-district migrants constituted 25.9 percent and inter-state migrants constituted 4.6 percent. International migration was 1.1 percent Return migrants: The data on migration based on last residence takes into account the return migration while data based on place of birth doesnt. Therefore an attempt is made here to work a rough estimate of the return migration by taking the difference between the two. The number of migrants based on last residence was 15.82 million and the number based on place of birth was 15.28 million in 2001, it therefore appears that the number of return migrants was 0.545 million in 2001. Principal Population Movements: It is seen from Table-2 that the proportion of migrants in the rural population in 2001 was lower 23.1 than in urban areas (28.2) and the proportion of male migrants (16.6) was much less than female migrants (29.7). A comparison with the all India figures as shown in the Table show that these principal movements in Tamilnadu were similar to the one observed at national level. For instance at the national level the proportion of life time migrants in rural areas was lower (28.3) than in urban areas (36.4). The same pattern is observed at the state level data that the proportion of life time migrants in rural areas was lower (23.1) than in urban areas (28.2). Further it is noticed that among every 100 migrants 58 were females and 42 were males in the state. Among the rural migrants out of every 100 of the total migrants 64 are females and 36 are males while in urban area the share of males being 48 out of 100 migrants was slightly higher than observed for rural areas. By and large the principal population movements show that large number of migrants (66.9 percent) moved from rural areas in India. The same for the state is only 51 per cent. However among the migrants a bulk of them were females both at the state and national level. (Table-2A) Inter-censal and Long time Migrants: It is seen from the Table-3, that out of 15.8 million migrants, 6.5 million or 41.4 per cent of them were inter-censal migrants and remaining 9.3 million or 58.6 per cent were long time migrants i.e. migrants who had made a move in 1991 or early. As regards the sex composition of the migrants, it is interesting to note that among the long time migrants 61.3 percent were females and 38.7 per cent were males, however during the inter-censal migratory movements the proportion of male migrants being 47.1 per cent as against 52.9 per cent females show that during the inter-censal movement the male component is fairly high although females continue to predominate among the migrants.

Duration of Residence: Duration of residence is an important variable in the analysis of the pattern of migration. In Table-4, we have presented the percentage distribution of inter-censal and all migrants by duration of residence and place of origin. It is noticed that among the inter-censal migrants over 60 percent of migrants have the duration of residence less than 5 years and nearly 40 percent have 5-9 years duration. The data firmly indicates inverse relationship between duration of residence and number of migrants. The implication appears to be that shorter duration migratory movements are more temporary in nature and that a large majority of them seem to return back to their homes. Inter-state migrants by duration of residence: It is seen from the Table-5, that the neibouring states viz; Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and Pondicherry contribute 77.2 per cent of migrants and that the share of distant states was 22.8 per cent. It is seen that on the whole the proportion of migrants from Kerala was the highest (30.0 per cent) followed by Andhra Pradesh (20.2 per cent), Karnataka 15.8 per cent and Pondicherry 11.1 per cent. Migrants by duration of residence and sex: Table-6 presents the percentage distribution of migrants by duration of residence and sex. It is noticed that there is preponderance of females over males for duration of residence (10-19) and (20+) in rural areas. The gap between the male and female migrants is very low for duration 1-4 years compared with other durations. But in all other categories of higher duration of residence (except <1 year duration) we observe the preponderance of females among the total migrants. The explanation for the dominance of males among the recent migrants may be due to long distance movement unmarried leaving behind their families or dependents as the case may be at the place of birth. Migration differentials: The 2001 census provides information on age sex distribution of migrants. This information can be usefully utilized to compare the characteristics of migrants with that of non-migrants.Table-7 shows the percentage distribution of migrants by age, sex and sex ratio. It is readily seen from the table that the excess of adults generally observed among migrants is conspicuously noticeable among migrants in Tamilnadu. Although data in conventional age group is not available it is seen that 52.4 per cent males and 58.8 per cent female migrants were concentrated in the age group 25-59 years, and the corresponding proportion among non-migrants was 41.9 per cent males and 39.1 percent females. Another striking feature is that females are in excess of males while reverse in the case among non-migrants in the state. The excess of female over male migrants is attributable to heavy female migration to rural areas of the state. Distribution of migrants by migration streams: Based on the place of last residence and place of enumeration, internal migrants can be classified into three migration streams roughly indicative of migration distance.

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International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 3, Issue, 11, pp.089-096, November, 2011 Table 1. Immigrants to Tamil Nadu by place of birth and place of last residence, Tamil nadu, 2001 Type of migration Birth I-within the state of enumeration a) Intra district 9809402 b) Inter-district 4469165 II-Inter-state 794148 III-International 205816 Total 15278531 Source: Census of India, 2001 Tamilnadu, Migration Tables Migrants by place of Last residence 10830065 4096759 727172 170387 15824383 percentage

68.4 25.9 4.6 1.1 100.0

Table-2, Percentage of life time migrants in the total population by sex and type of residence for Tamilnadu and India, 2001 (based on last residence) Country/State Type of Residence Total Male Female Tamilnadu Total 25.4 21.2 29.5 Rural 23.1 16.6 29.7 Urban 28.2 27.1 29.4 India Total 30.6 17.5 44.6 Rural 28.3 11.5 46.1 Urban 36.4 32.9 40.3 Source: same as in Table 1 Table 2A. Migrants classified by place of last residence and sex for Tamilnadu and India 2001. Country/State Tamilnadu Type of Residence All Rural Urban India All Rural Urban Source: same as in Table 1 Table 3. Inter-censal lifetime migrants with duration of stay of 10 or more years in Tamilnadu, 2001 Duration Inter-censal life time migrants 1991 2001 1991 or early lifetime migrants Duration Not stated Total Source: same as in Table 1 Male 1571290 (3085776) (47.1) 1825730 (3585458) (38.7) 3274214 6671234 Female 2380612 (3464888) (52.9) 3908220 (5688261) (61.3) 2864317 9153149 Total 3951902 (6550664) (100.00) 5733950 (9273719) (100.00) 6138531 15824383 SR (M/FX1000) 890.5 Total 15824383 (100) 8073309 (100) 7751074 (100) 314541350 (100) 210377392 (100) 104163958 (100) Male 6671234 (42.2) 2918171 (36.1) 3753063 (48.4) 93361809 (29.7) 43846535 (20.8) 49515274 (47.5) Female 9153149 (57.8) 5155138 (63.9) 3998011 (51.6) 221179541 (70.3) 166530857 (79.2) 54648684 (52.5)

630.0

729

Table 4. Percentage distribution of migrants by duration of residence and place of origin, 2001
(for inter-censal migrants only) Place of Origin Within the state Inter-state All areas Source: same as in Table 1 All 1398083 (100.0) 270473 (100.0) 3951902 (100.0) <1 year 109163 (7.8) 23122 (8.5) 317207 (8.0) Duration of stay 1-4 year 731408 (52.3) 147497 (54.5) 2031750 (51.4)

5-9 year 557512 (39.9) 99854 (36.9) 1602945 (40.6)

Table 4 A. Percentage distribution of migrants by duration of residence and place of origin

Place of Origin Within the state 318876 (100.0) Inter-state 586142 (100.0) All areas 9685852 (100.0)
Source: same as in Table 1

All <1 year 109163 (3.4) 1-4 year 731408 (23.0)

Duration of stay 5-9 year 557512 (17.5) 10+ years 1783793 (56.1)

147497 (25.2) 23122 (3.9) 2031750 (21.0) 99854 (17.0)

315669 (53.9)

5733950 (59.2) 317207 (3.3) 1602945 (16.5)

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Table 5. Percentage distribution of immigrants by duration of residence and cohorts by states of origin, Tamilnadu, 2001
State of origin Andhra Pradesh Kerala Karnataka Pondicherry Sub-total Distant states 22.8 Total 100.0 Source: same as in Table 1 29.5 100.0 28.2 100.0 23.9 100.0 20.8 100.0 15.8 100.0 26.1 100.0 All 20.2 30.0 15.8 11.1 77.2 <1 year 20.4 22.7 17.3 10.1 70.5 1-4 19.7 27.1 15.8 9.2 71.8 Duration of residence (years) 5-9 10-19 18.7 19.9 27.7 18.5 11.1 76.1 29.5 17.6 12.3 79.2 20+ 21.9 36.9 14.9 10.6 84.2 Duration not stated 19.7 27.9 13.4 12.9 73.9

Table 6. Percentage distribution of migrants by duration of residence and sex (by place of last residence), Tamilnadu, 2001
Duration of residence (years) 0-1 1-4 5-9 10-19 20+ DNS All durations Actuals Source: same as in Table 1 Rural Male 2.3 10.4 6.9 9.2 9.9 61.2 100.0 (2918171) Female 1.7 11.7 10.5 18.4 28.3 29.5 100.0 (5155138) Male 2.1 14.2 10.4 15.2 18.5 39.6 100.0 (3753063) Urban Female 2.1 14.8 11.8 17.6 20.0 33.7 100.0 (3998011)

Table7. Percentage distribution of migrants and non-migrants by age, sex and sex ratio
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-59 60+ ANS Total Actuals Male 20.5 16.6 17.5 34.9 9.8 0.8 (100.0) 6671234 Migrants Female 14.1 16.7 22.5 36.3 10.0 0.5 (100.0) 9153149 Sex Ratio (M/F X100) 106 73 57 70 71 101 73 Non-migrants Female 31.3 20.4 15.0 24.1 8.5 0.7 (100.0) 21851621 Sex Ratio (M/F X100) 105 110 119 122 112 112 113

Male 29.2 19.8 15.8 26.1 8.4 0.7 (100.0) 24729675

Source: same as in Table 1

Table 8. Migration stream percentage distribution of migrants by sex, residence and distance, Tamilnadu India, 2001
Last - residence Male Intra district R-R R-U U-U U-R Sub-Total Inter-District R-R R-U U-U U-R Sub-Total Inter State R-R R-U U-U U-R Sub-Total All Streams R-R R-U U-U U-R Total Total Migrants (in million) Source: same as in Table 1 20.6 14.1 15.3 5.4 55.5 4.9 12.5 17.0 3.0 37.5 0.7 2.1 3.6 0.7 7.1 26.2 28.7 35.9 9.1 100.0 6.67 Tamil Nadu Female 40.0 11.7 9.9 4.9 66.4 7.9 7.4 10.6 2.7 28.6 1.0 1.2 2.2 0.5 5.0 48.8 20.4 22.7 8.2 100.0 9.15 Sex Ratio M/Fx1000 298 693 900 639 483 359 981 929 646 758 393 993 927 730 814 310 816 916 647 India Male 24.2 10.4 6.8 3.4 44.8 7.8 11.3 9.1 1.8 30.1 4.3 12.5 7.2 1.2 25.1 36.4 34.2 23.0 6.3 100.0 93.4 Female 54.9 5.8 3.0 2.3 66.0 13.5 4.6 4.2 1.3 23.5 3.9 3.2 2.8 0.5 10.4 72.3 13.5 10.0 4.2 100.0 221.2 Sex Ratio M/Fx1000 157 645 810 509 241 207 883 765 501 454 392 1392 923 747 857 179 902 822 538

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Table 9. Distribution of sex composition of migrants by rural urban origin (place of last residence) and distribution and distance, Tamilnadu, 2001
Last residence Intra district I. Residence in rural areas a) Enumerated in R (R-R) b) Enumerated in U (R-U) II. Residence in urban areas a) Enumerated in U (U-U) b) Enumerated in R (U-R) Total intra district migrants Inter- district I. Residence in rural areas c) Enumerated in R (R-R) d) Enumerated in U (R-U) II. Residence in urban areas c) Enumerated in U (U-U) d) Enumerated in R (U-R) Total intra district migrants Male 62.5 (59.4) (40.6) 37.5 (73.8) (26.2) 100.0 Female 77.5 (77.3) (22.7) 22.3 (66.7) (33.3) 100.0 Sex ratio

298 693 900 639 483

46.6 (28.2) (71.8) 53.4 (84.9) (15.1) 100.0

53.6 (51.8) (48.2) 46.4 (79.7) (20.3) 100.0

359 981 929 646 758

Inter State migrants I. Residence in rural areas 39.9 a) Enumerated in R (R-R) (24.6) b) Enumerated in U (R-U) (75.4) II. Residence in urban areas 60.1 a) Enumerated in U (U-U) (84.2) b) Enumerated in R (U-R) (15.8) Total inter-state migrants 100.0 Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages to sub-totals; Source: same as in Table 1

44.9 (45.2) (54.8) 55.1 (80.8) (19.2) 100.0

393 993 927 730 814

Table 10. Migrants by each distance type according to rural urban origin and destination
Distance Type Short distance M F 37.1 60.1 25.4 17.7 27.7 14.8 9.8 7.4 100.0 100.0 2162076 4478532 T 52.6 20.2 19.0 8.2 100.0 6640608 12.0 Medium distance M F 13.1 27.7 33.4 25.8 45.4 37.0 8.1 9.5 100.0 100.0 1459328 1925906 25.3 16.3 T 21.4 29.1 40.6 8.9 100.0 3385234 20.2 Long distance M F 9.8 20.3 30.1 24.6 50.7 44.5 9.4 10.6 100.0 100.0 275325 338113 20.7 14.0 T 15.6 27.1 47.3 10.0 100.0 613438 17.1 All distance M F 26.2 48.8 28.7 20.4 35.9 22.7 9.2 8.1 100.0 100.0 3896729 6742551 19.5 12.3 T 40.6 23.4 27.5 8.5 100.0 10639280 14.9

R-R R-U U-U U-R All Actuals Rural loss to Urban 15.6 10.3 Source: same as in Table 1

Table 11. In, Out and Net migration to the District of the State based on the movement of the people born and enumerated within the state of Tamilnadu (Based on POB data)
District Thiruvallur Chennai Kancheepuram Vellore Dharmapuri Tiruvannamalai Villuppuram Salem Namakkal Erode The Nilgiris Coimbatore Dindigul Karur Tirucharappalli Perambalur Ariyalur Cuddalore Nagappattinam Thiruvarur Thanjavur Pudukkottai Sivagangai Madurai Theni Virudhunagar Ramanathapuram Thoothukudi Tirunelveli Kannyakumari Source: same as in Table 1 In migration 598176 769607 417894 130897 114636 59958 113443 147250 162690 186126 59821 218331 100849 105562 296309 44789 42403 118019 76498 81419 105149 59821 91977 105640 24041 72203 33425 68438 55203 14979 Out migration 52406 475426 139641 180004 62690 139293 160823 256089 78562 129707 27942 142011 126472 65913 234680 38026 34556 128939 84536 3608 244126 105844 84091 274198 4293 93870 125484 117803 259557 121666 Net migration 545770 294181 278253 -49107 51946 -79335 -47380 -108839 84128 56419 31879 76320 -25623 37649 61629 6763 7847 -10920 -8038 17811 -138977 -46023 7886 -168558 -30252 -21667 -92059 -49365 -204354 -106687

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Table 12. Percentage distributions of life time migrants of each sex in different migration streams by reason for migration, Tamilnadu India, 2001
Males Area and Migration Stream
Work/Employment Business Education Marriage Moved after Birth Moved with household Others Total Work/Employment Business Education

Females
Marriage Moved after Birth Moved with household Others Total

India 28.1 Intra district 15.3 Inter district 35.5 Inter state 52.2 Tamilnadu 18.8 Intra district 11.8 Inter district 33.4 Inter state 35.4 Source: same as in Table 1

2.6 1.8 3.2 3.9 1.2 0.7 2.2 3.0

2.5 2.4 3.3 2.1 1.8 1.3 2.8 4.0

2.3 3.2 2.0 0.9 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.3

9.9 12.6 9.7 4.9 7.1 6.5 8.0 9.1

19.4 16.5 22.6 19.9 14.8 11.8 20.2 19.3

35.2 48.2 23.7 16.1 54.0 65.7 30.8 26.9

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1.7 1.0 2.5 4.0 3.1 2.1 5.3 5.3

0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.7 1.5 1.6

69.6 73.8 66.0 54.6 43.9 44.7 43.3 41.7

2.9 2.8 3.4 3.0 4.1 3.6 5.2 6.2

11.3 6.9 15.5 26.9 12.6 9.2 19.7 21.6

13.9 14.9 11.7 10.6 35.1 39.6 24.5 23.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

I. Intra-district migrants: Persons with last residence outside the place of enumeration but within the district. This is normally taken as short distance migration. II.Inter-district migrants: Persons with last residence outside the district of enumeration but within the same state is medium distance migration. III. Inter-state migrants: Persons with last residence in the states and Union Territories of India but beyond that of enumeration. This is termed as long distance migration. Based on the rural or urban nature of last residence and the place of enumeration, internal migrants can also be classified into four migration streams viz; a) rural-rural, b) rural-urban, c) urban-urban and d) urban-rural. A combination of three types of migration streams gives rise to 12 streams. Table-8 depicts these streams for Tamilnadu and India. In the intradistrict or short distance movement the rural to rural migration formed the most dominant stream at the State and National level followed by rural-urban migration. The sex ratio of migrants indicates that during the intra-district movement bulk of the migrants were females. It is noticed that the share of urban to urban and urban to rural migration of both males and females was low. Overall the share of intra-district migrants among all migrants in the state was as high as 55.5 percent males and 66.4 per cent females and the corresponding figures for all India were 44.8 and 66.0 per cent. The analysis shows that the pattern of intra-district migration streams was similar both at the State and National level. As regards the interdistrict movement it is noticed that the volume of migration in all the streams for both sexes except urban to urban movement has substantially declined compared to the intra-district movement. A distinguishing feature of inter-district movement is that volume of urban ward movement (rural to urban and urban to urban) is higher than rural ward movement. The overall sex ratio show the increase in the number of male migrants compared to intra-district movement both at State and National level. It is noticed that during the urban ward movement the sex ratios are higher (number of males) at State and National levels compared with rural ward movement. The analysis shows that overall the pattern of inter-district

migration is more or less similar both at the State and National level. However, it is seen the volume of inter-district migration at the State level being 37.5 per cent male and 28.6 per cent females was higher than at the National level 30.1 per cent males and 23.5 per cent females. In the inter-state migratory streams the volume has further declined in all the four streams for both sexes at the State and National level. Here again we observe that the urban ward movement was much higher than rural ward movement, and that the sex-ratios were higher although bulk of the migrants continue to be female during the rural ward movement. Overall the volume of male migrants being 7.1 per cent at the State is much lower than at the National level (25.1 per cent), while the volume of female migrants at the State and National levels were 5.0 per cent and 10.4 per cent respectively. The analysis shows that in Tamilnadu 61 percent of the total migrants moved only short distance (intra district), 33 percent covered medium distance (inter-district), and only 6 percent are long distance or interstate migrants. The corresponding figures for all India were 55.4 percent, 26.8 per cent and 17.8 respectively. Thus the analysis shows that the volume of short distance and medium distance migration at the state level was relatively higher than at National level. Rural-Urban origin of Migration: Table-9 shows the distribution and sex composition of migrants by rural-urban origin. It is seen from the table that 62.5 per cent of intradistrict, 46.6 percent of the inter-district and nearly 40 per cent of inter-state male migrants had rural origin. The corresponding percentages for females were much higher being 77.5 per cent, 53.6 per cent and 44.9 per cent respectively. It is significant to note that among the migrants who claim their last residence as rural, 59.4 percent intradistrict, 28.2 percent inter-district, and 24.6 per cent of interstate migrants had also their destination in rural areas of the state; the corresponding percentages for females were much higher being 77.3, 51.8 and 45.2 percentage respectively. On the other hand, it is seen that among the migrants claiming urban origin urban ward movement is higher among both sexes. The analysis shows that a bulk of migrants with rural origin tends to migrate to rural areas and that migrants with urban origin tend to move towards urban areas.

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Migrants by Distance type: Table-10 presents the percentage distribution of migrants by each distance type and rural-urban origin and destination. It is seen that during the intra district movement the rural ward movement of persons (M+F) (Rural to rural and urban to rural) was 60.8, while during the interdistrict and inter-state, the urban ward movement (R-U & UU) of persons was dominant being 69.7 per cent and 74.4 per cent respectively. It is seen that at each distance type rural areas have lost to urban area and that the percentage of rural loss to urban areas was higher in the medium distance type than short and long distance types. Sex wise, more of rural males are lost to urban areas. Gaining and loosing districts in the State: A migration analysis would be incomplete without a reference to what is happening at the district level. It was therefore thought worthwhile to make an assessment of the net migration at the district level. There are some constraints in attempting the district level analysis as information is available only in respect of immigrants to districts. In order to overcome this difficulty we have confined our discussion to the movement of people from and to the districts of the state by people born within the state. As regards the migrants born in other districts of the state and enumerated in a particular district of the state, the data is readily available and in respect of out migrants from the district, data has been computed from the information about persons born in one district but enumerated in a different district of the state. This data has been presented in Table 11. It is noticed that out of 30 districts of the state 14 districts viz; Thiruvallur, Chennai, Kancheepuram, Dharmapuri, Namakkal, Erode, The Nilgiris, Coimbatore, Karur, Tiruchirappalli, Perambalur, Ariyalur, Thiruvarur, Sivaganga have gained by the movement of persons between the districts. The remaining districts have experienced a net loss of persons by the excess of out migrants over immigrants. It is interesting to note that among the gaining districts Thiruvallur tops the list. While among the loosing districts Madurai tops the list. Another interesting feature of the data is that barring few exceptions majority of the loosing districts have lost more females than males may be due to marriage. Evidentially a high-rate of net-migration to Thiruvallur, Kancheepuram and Chennai districts can be explained in terms of their development due to industrialisation. The other districts namely Namakkal, Coimbatore, Tiruchirappalli and Erode are also gaining may be due to the textile mills, poultry farms and industries situated in these districts. Reason for Migration: Indian Census collected information on reasons for migration since 1981. According to 2001 Census, the reasons were classified into Seven categories as i) Work/Employment, ii) Business, iii) Education, iv) Marriage, v) Moved after birth, vi) Moved with household and vii) Others. The data are available separately for each sex by intra district, inter-district and inter-state. Table-12 presents the percentage distribution of male and female migrants by reasons for migration in Tamilnadu and India. In the section we propose to discuss the differentials in reasons for migration during intra district, inter-district and inter-state in respect of Tamilnadu. It is seen from the Table-12 that nearly 20 percent of males had reported work/employment as the reason for migration. It is significant to note that intensity of employment as reason for migration increased significantly from intradistrict (11.8 percent) to inter-district (33.4) percent) and inter-

state (35.4 percent). In contrast the proportion of those moving for other causes category declined with distance. The pattern is more or less same at the National level. Migration because of education accounted for 1.8 percent in Tamilnadu and it increased with distance. It is also interesting to note that the proportion of migrants reported Moved after births the reason for migration is 7.1 percent and it increased with the distance from intra-district (6.5 percent), inter-district (8.0) and inter state (9.1 percent). In contrast the proportion of Moved after birth declined with distance at National Level. The proportion of migrants moved with household accounted for 14.8 percent in Tamilnadu as against 19.4 percent for all India. Among female life time migrants as one would expect marriage was the most important reason and accounted for 44 percent, in the State, but at the National level it was much higher being nearly 70 percent. This proportion declined with distance both at the state and National levels. The proportion of migrants moved with household accounted for 12.6 percent in Tamilnadu as against 11.3 per cent for all India increased with distance at both levels. The proportion of other category accounted for 35.1 per cent and 13.9 per cent in Tamilnadu and India respectively, only and declined with the distance at both levels. The analysis clearly suggests that both at the State and National Level, Employment and Moved with household emerge as dominant reasons for male migration while in respect of females marriage and Moved with household emerge as important reasons for migration. Summary Findings and conclusions: The study explains the pattern of internal migration in the state of Tamilnadu based on place of last residence data of 2001 Census. The analysis reveals that 25.4 per cent of the proportion in the state was migrants. The analysis revealed that the proportion of migrants was higher in urban than in rural areas. Among every 100 migrants females being (58) exceeded male migrants (42). At the national level also there was preponderance of females over males. Among the total migrants in the State 41.4 per cent were inter-censal migrants. Compared to the early that is migrants in 1991 or early the number of male migrants has considerably increased during inter-censal migration. As regards the duration of residence it was noticed that percentage of migrants with duration of 0-4 years was much higher than those with duration of stay of 5-9 years. 69 percent males and 75.5 female migrants were concentrated in 15-59 years as against a corresponding percentage of 61.7 and 59.0 percent non-migrants. Among inter-state migrants over 77 percent were contributed by neibouring States. As regards migration streams it was noted that rural to rural migration dominated the migration stream in the state as well as at the National level. It was observed for the State and India that during the rural to rural migration the proportion of female migrants was much larger than male migrants. However during the remaining three streams viz., rural to urban, urban to urban and urban to rural the proportion of males was higher. But the sex-ratio still found favour with females because they were disproportionately higher among the migrants. These findings are applicable to the migration streams even at the national level. It was observed that in Tamilnadu State 61 percent of total migrants moved only for short distance (intradistrict), 33 per cent covered medium distance (inter-state) and nearly 6 per cent covered long distance (Inter-State). At the

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International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 3, Issue, 11, pp.089-096, November, 2011

national level also the volume of intra district movement was large (55.4 per cent) but slightly lower than at state level, the inter-district volume being 26.8 per cent for all India was lower than at state level while the volume of inter-state movement being 17.8 per cent was much higher than at the state level. Nearly 55 per cent of male and 69.2 per cent of female migrants had rural origin; consequently a large majority of female migrants had their destination in rural areas. As regards district level migration it was observed that 14 districts had received net migration from other districts of the state while the remaining 16 districts had experienced a net loss. Thiruvallur and Chennai had made the highest gain from other districts of the state, while Madurai had topped the list among the losers. The volume of rural ward migration generally decreased with the increasing distance covered. It was observed that at each distance type the rural areas lost by net out- migration to urban areas. As regards the reasons for migration it was observed that the most dominant reason for male migrants was Work/Employment, followed by Moved with household, while for females it was marriage and Moved with household. At all India level also a similar pattern was observed. CONCLUSION The fact that the proportion of migrants was higher in the rural areas than in urban areas at the state show that generally urban areas did not attract a large number of migrants in the state, which indicate that the process of urban industrialization is slow in the state. Further a heavy intra-district migration movement supports the view that generally internal migration in the state is of short distance. Even among the inter-state migrants a large majority of them were from bordering states which further supports the short distance migration. Migration between the districts has some interesting revelation as for instance out of 14 gaining districts, 3 districts are located in the northern part of the state, 4 districts in the western part of the state and 4 districts are located in the central part of the state.

Out of 16 loosing districts, 11 districts are located at the southern part of the state. 4 districts are located in the northern part. Overall, the southern districts are loosing more than the northern districts, may be due to lack of development in southern part of Tamilnadu. Combining inter-district and inter-state migration (it is here the urban ward movement was higher) pattern with reasons for migration one can safely conclude that male migration to urban destination was largely for Employment. The male life time migration to rural areas should not however be explained fully by specific reasons for employment; education etc., as reasons like returning back after retirement; back home as one could not secure employment at destination., fell into the category of others. By and large, the patterns of internal migration in the state of Tamilnadu and at national level were similar.

REFERENCES
Mitra, A. and M. Murayama, Rural to Urban Migration: A District level Analysis for India, IDE Discussion paper No.137, University of Delhi, New Delhi. Bhagat, R.B. 2008. Assessing the Measurement of Internal Migration in India,Asia and Pacific Migration Journal,Vol.17,No.1,pp.91-102. Census of India, 2001. Data Highlights, Migration Tables D1, D2andD3, Tamilnadu, Registrar General of India. Kaur,Gurindar, 1996. Migration Geography, New Delhi, Anmol Publications. Kurian, C.T.1980. An Analysis of internal migration in Tamilnadu, working paper, Madras Institute of Development Studies, Chennai. Srivastava, R. and S. Sasikumar, 2003. An Overview of migration in India, its impacts and key issues, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

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