Shaira Ocampo

1styr- BS Nursing
Definition
Let j, r,s be integers such that s=j*r then j and r are factors of s.
Notation
a|b (Read: a divides b) a is a factor of b
Definition
A number
p
is prime iff
1.
p
2.
1 > p
3. The only factors of
p
are 1 t and
. p t
Definition
A number
n
is composite iff
1. n
2. 1 > n
3. There is a factor of
n
other than 1 t and . n t
THEOREM {Unique Factorization Theorem}
All positive integers greater that 1 could be expressed uniquely as
a product of its prime factors
Definition
Two numbers are relatively prime iff the factors common to them
are 1 t .
Definition
Let
. 0 , q q p
The fraction
q
p
is in lowest terms if
p
and
q
are
relatively prime.
Definition
A number
n
is even iff 2 is a factor of n
k n 2 where k
A number
n
is odd iff 2 is not a factor of n
1 2 t k n where k
Definition
A number
n
is positive iff . 0 > n
A number
n
is negative iff . 0 < n
NOTE: ZERO is NEITHER POSITIVE nor NEGATIVE
TRUE OR FALSE
1.
k n k n | |
2.
c b a , ,
and c ab then
c a |
.
3. 0 has infinitely many factors.
4. The greatest common factor of 48 and 80 is 16.
5. If x and y are composite then they are relatively prime.
6. If n is a real number then n
2
is positive.
7.
x b a ! ,
such that b x a .
8. The set of irrational numbers is closed under addition.
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Definition 1: ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS any combination of
symbols and numbers related by the fundamental operations of algebra
Definition 2: Any algebraic expression consisting of distinct parts
connected by a + or signs is called an ALGEBRAIC SUM.
Each distinct parts together with its sign is a term
Example
What are the terms of 2x
5
y
6
+3z-x?
COEFFICIENTS
Consider 2x
5
y
6
2 .. is the coefficient of x
5
y
6
2x
5
. is the coefficient of y
6
x
5
y
6
is the coefficient of 2
x
4
y
4
is the coefficient of 2 xy
2
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Perform the indicated operations.
1. 8x +[(3x-2y)+(6x-2y)-2(x+y)].
2. 9x- (2y-3x) [y-(2y-x)]-[2y+(4x-3y)]
3. 2x-{3y-[5x-{7y-6x)]}
4. Evaluate number 3 when x=2 and y=1.
MULTIPLICATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Definition 3: Let a a a a n
n
,
Laws on exponents
1.
n m n m
a a a
+

2.
mn n m
a a ) (
3.
n n n
b a ab ) (
4.
m n
m
n
a
a
a

5.
n
n
a
a
1

Perform the indicated operations

1. (x+3)(5x-2)
2. (x
2
+xy-2y
2
)(2x-y)
3. [(a
2
)
4
+(b
3
)
2
][a
2
+b
2
]
4. (-4a
3
b
3
)
2
(-3a
5
b
4
)(-a
2
b
2
)
4
5.
2 2 3 2 3 3
4 3 5
) 9 ( ) (
3
z y x yz x
z y x

6. Express
1 1
2 3 2
) 8 ( ) 2 (
16 4
2
+ +
+ +
n n n
n n
n
as a
power of 2.
DIVISION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Definition: A Polynomial is an algebraic expression in whichthe exponents of the variables
are non-negative integers.
Example: Which of the following is a polynomial?
q(x,y) =4x
-1
y+3x
1/2
p(x,y)=8x
2
y+3x
3
y
4
+7x
4
y
3
MOTIVATION: Division Algorithm
Let
r q d p . ! , ,
s.t.
r d q p +
Where
d r < 0

Examples: Find q and r if
1. p=7 and d=3
2. p=-5 and d=3
Division Algorithm for Polynomials
Given two polynomials p(x), d(x) there exist a unique polynomials q(x), r(x) s.t.
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( x r x d x q x p +
where
)) ( deg( )) ( deg( 0 x d x r <
Remark: Arrange the dividend in ascending order of the exponents in a particular variable.
Perform the indicated operations
1. (x
3
+x
7
) (x
2
+3)
2. (x
5
-y
5
) (x-y)
3. (13xy
2
-4y
3
-11x
2
y+2x
3
)

(-x+4y)
SYNTHETIC DIVISION
1. Find the quotient and remainder when 5x
3
+2x
2
-20x-3 is divided by x-2.
2. Divide 4x
3
-14x+3 by x+2.
3. Find the quotient and remainder when 2x
2
-5x+12 is divided by 2x-3.
4. Divide 8x
4
+5x
2
-14x+3 by 3x-2.
POLYNOMIALS
Definition 4: The function f defined by the equation in the form
0 1
1
1
... ) ( a x a x a x a x f
n
n
n
n
+ + + +

where n is a positive integer or 0,

0
n
a
, if n is a positive integer, and
) ,... 2 , 1 , 0 ( n i a
i

are constants
is called a polynomial function of the nth degree in x.
Theorem (Remainder Theorem). The remainder when f(x) is divided by x-a is f(a).
Theorem (Factor Theorem). If f(a)=0 then (x-a) is a factor of f(x).
Theorem (Converse Factor Theorem). If (x-a) is a factor of f(x) then f(a)=0.
Exercises
1. Find the remainder when f(x) =x
3
+ x
2
- 7x +3 is divided by (x-2).
2. Find the remainder when f(x)=4x
51
+3x
28
-7x
15
- 6 is divided by (x+1).
3. Find k so that (x+1) is a factor of f(x)= x
9
- 4x
8
+ 3kx
2
- 2kx - 5.
Theorem (Fundamental Theorem of Algebra)
Every polynomial function whose defining equation is
0 1
1
1
... ) ( a x a x a x a x f
n
n
n
n
+ + + +

0 , 1
n
a n
has at least one complex (real or imaginary) zero.
Theorem. Every polynomial function of degree 1 n has n zeros (possibly imaginary)
counting multiplicities.
SIMPLIFICATION OF FRACTIONS
Simplify the following
1.
3
7 4 7 6
2
8 8
xy
y x y x +

2.
1 2
2
3
+

x x
x x
3.
1 6 12 8
4 5 6
2 3
2
+ + +

a a a
a a
4.
2 2
2 2 2 2
5 8 3 y xy x
by bx ay ax
+
+
5.
64
) 16 4 )( 16 (
3
2 2
+
+
x
x x x
6.
2
10 21
28 21 20 15
a a
b a ab

+
7.
3 3
3 2 2
8
) 8 4 6 3 (
y x
x y x xy y

+
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
Perform the indicated operations and simplify.
1.
t s r
w uv
w uv
st r
2 3
4 2
2 3
3 3
15
) 11 (
33
20

2.
2 2 2 2
2 2
3
2 2
1
2 3 3
4 9
y xy x y xy x
y x
y x
y x
+ +

3.

,
_

+
+

ab b
ab a
ab b
ab a
b a
2
2
2
2
2 2
) (
4.
4 2
4 2
1 2
5 4
2 2
2
2
2 3
+

,
_

+
+

+
+
y y
y
y y
y y
y y
y y y
5.
2 6
3 4 4
12 5 2
4 7 2
4 5 6
8 6 9
2
2
2
2
2
2

+

+
+
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
ADDITION OF FRACTIONS
Find the least common multiple of the following
1.
2 2 2 3
42 14 7 y x y x xy
2. 1 6 9 3 27 9
2 3
+ x x x x x
3. 32 2 4 ) 4 ( 2
2 2 2 2
c c c c c
Perform the indicated operations and simplify
1.
1
2
5 4
5
2 2

+

+
x x x
x
2.
2 2 3 3
2
y xy x
x
y x
xy
+

+
3. 1
49
2
7
3
7
4
2
+

x
x
x x
4.
) )( (
1
) )( (
1
) )( (
1
y x x z x z z y z y y x
+

+

5.
) 3 )( (
2
) 3 )( (
2
d c d
d
c d c
c

+
+

+
6.
) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( ( z y z x
z
y z x y
y
x z z y
x

+

+

7.
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
) ( b a
a b
a b
a b
b a
b a

COMPLEX FRACTIONS
Simplify the following.
1.

2 2
1 1
1 1
y x
y x

+
2.
y x x
y
x
y
y
x
1 1
2
2
2
+
+
3.
1
1
1
1
1

a
a
4.
x
x

1
1
1
1
1
1
5.
1
3 1 2 3
2 2
2 2
4
2 3 5
+

+
+
+

x x
x
x
x
x x
x x x x
x
6.
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
2 2
2 2

+
+

+
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y x
y xy x
y x
y x
y x
y x
INTEGRAL AND ZERO EXPONENTS
Remark 1 } 0 {
0
a a
Simplify the following expression. Remove the zero and negative
exponents then reduce the expressions in lowest terms.
1. 1 ) 3 ( ) 8 ( 8
2 0 0
+ + x x x
2.
2 1 0
1 1 2
3 3 2
2 6 3



+
3.
2 1
0
) (
) (

+ +
+ +
c b a
c b a
4.
2 5
4 2
6
4

y x
y x
5.
1 1 1
) (

+ b a
6.
1
1 1
) (


+
+
b a
b a
7.
2 2
2
) (

+
y x
y x
8.
1 1 2 1
) 5 ( 5 ) 5 4 ( 6 ) 1 (

+ x x x x x
9.
4 3 4 4 5 2 3
0 ) 2 3 3 2 5 2
) ( ) ( 12 3
( ) ( ) ( 18
c a c b c b q
a c c a c b c b q
r r
r
+
+
+

RATIONAL EXPONENTS
Simplify the following
1.
4 / 1
81
1

,
_

2.
3 / 2
64
27

,
_

3.
6
3
1
3

,
_

4.
4
1
4
7
6 6
5.
3
5
5
6.
4 / 1
3 / 2

x
x

7.
( )( )
2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
+ y x y x
8.
( )
2 / 3
2 / 1 2 / 3 0
3 1
a
a a a

+ +
9.
( )( )
2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
v a b a +
10.
( )( )
3 / 2 3 / 1 3 / 1 3 / 2 3 / 1 3 / 1
b b a a b a + +
11.
2 / 1
1
2 / 3 2 / 3
2 / 1 2 / 1
2
2 / 1 2 / 1
) (
1

1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+
ab
b a
b a
b a
12.
3 / 2
2 / 1 6
2 3 3 / 2
9
27

,
_

b c
b a
13.
3 / 2
2 / 1 6
2 3 3 / 2
9
27

,
_

b c
b a