MODELLING OF MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 2011

The 4 International conference Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Technical university of Koice

th

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF VISCOELASTIC COMPOSITE SOLIDS

Milan mindk1, Daniel Riecky2, Martin Dudinsk3
Abstract: This paper deals with linear analysis of viscoelastic composite materials with epoxy matrix. Viscoelastic behavior of the matrix is defined by Maxwells model. For the implementation of constitutive equation of isotropic material, the user own procedures are used in finite element code ANSYS. Time stress evaluation and normalized stiffness are evaluated for global laminate. Keywords: viscoelastic model, composite materials, ANSYS

1. Introduction
Viscoelastic materials have an interesting mix of material properties that exhibit viscous behaviour (like the gradual deformation of molasses) as well as elasticity (like a rubber band that stretches instantaneously and quickly returns to its original state once a load is removed). Various materials exhibit viscoelasticity, with deformation depending on load, time and temperature [1]. That is, given enough loading over a period of time, many materials will gradually undergo some level of deformation and the process may speed up as the material gets hotter. Viscoelastic behaviour is similarly found in other materials such as wood, polymers, human tissue and solid rocket propellants, to name a few. Because of this complex behaviour, the use of linear material properties is generally inadequate in accurately determining the final shape of a viscoelastic material, the time taken to arrive at that geometry, and the stresses on the part. In these cases, the materials viscoelasticity must be taken into account in the simulation. Many different software packages can be used to perform a real analysis on viscoelastic bodies, most of them are based on Finite element method (FEM) [2]. However, most of the software has limitations regarding the analysis of viscoelastic behavior of composites with polymer matrix. From this point of view is very suitable to use software ANSYS, which allows to include a custom formulations using subroutine USERMAT. The method of boundary integral equations is an alternative method for homogeneous material; it has been successfully applied to solve static and dynamic problems for homogeneous linear viscoelastic bodies [3]. In recent years are the so called meshless methods are very popular [4]. This article aims to show how to implement viscoelasticity materials models into commercial software ANSYS using USERMAT subroutine. This is relatively easy because

Milan mindk, prof., Ing. PhD., Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of ilina, Univerzitn 1, 010 26 ilina, Slovak republic. E-mail: milan.zmindak@fstroj.utc.sk 2 Daniel Riecky, Ing., Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of ilina, Univerzitn 1 010 26 ilina, Slovak republic. E-mail: daniel.riecy.@tuke.sk 3 Martin Dudinsk, Ing., Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of ilina, Univerzitn 1, 01026 ilina, Slovak republic. E-mail: martin.dudinsky@fstroj.uniza.sk
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MODELLING OF MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 2011

The 4 International conference Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Technical university of Koice
th

the approach used in this paper is not stress dependent, but a linear viscoelastic approach, and its implementation is not complicated.

2. Viscoelastic models
In mechanical solutions from ANSYS viscoelasticity is implemented through the use Prony series [2]. The shear and volumetric responses are separated, and well-known relationships between shear modulus G and bulk modulus K are given as E E G= , K= (1) 2 (1 + ) 3(1 2 )
where E is Youngs modulus and is is Poissons number. Time dependent response of materials can be classified as elastic, viscous, viscoelastic. A material is viscoelastic if its stress response consists of an elastic and viscous part. Once the constitutive behaviours are characterized by relaxation functions, the constitutive excitations can be expressed as follows [5] (2) where - Cauchy stress - deviatoric part of the strain - volumetric part of the strain - shear relaxation kernel function - bulk relaxation kernel function - current time - past time I - unit tensor The kernel functions are represented in terms of the generalized Maxwell model (fig.1), which assumes that [5]: (3) (4) (5) (6) where

e G(t) K(t) t

G ( ) , K ( ) nG, nK
Ci, Di G0, G K0, K G ,iK i

reduced or pseudo time shear relaxation and bulk relaxation kernel function number of Maxwell elements used to approximate the shear relaxation kernel and the bulk relaxation kernel constants associated to shear and bulk behaviour initial and final shear bulk modulus initial and final bulk modulus constants associated with a discrete relaxation spectrum in shear bulk
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MODELLING OF MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 2011

The 4 International conference Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Technical university of Koice
th

Fig. 1 The generalized Maxwell model

We note that instead of having constant values for G and K (and by extension, elastic modulus E and Poissons number ) equations (1) are represented by Prony series in viscoelasticity [5] G = G + i =1 Gi e
nG t i G

, K = K + i =1 Gi e
nK

t i K

(7)

These equations imply that the shear and bulk moduli are represented by a decaying function of time t. Simply stated, the user provides pairs of relative moduli Gi, Ki and relaxation time ti , which represent the amount of stiffness lost at a given rate. To perform FEA analysis, the integral equation (2) need be integrated [6].

3. Analyzing of viscoelastic materials

A viscoelastic problem can be solved either in time-domain directly or in the Laplacetransformed domain, if the correspondence principle [7] is applicable. The later approach is simpler and more efficient if an accurate Laplace-inversion technique is available. Many computational methods have been developed to analyse viscoelastic solids with homogeneous material properties and some of them used the boundary integral equation method (BIEM) or the boundary element method (BEM).

4. Solved problems
4.1 Problem 1 In first problem we consider a composite made with 60 % by volume of transversely isotropic graphite fibers with material properties give in table 1, where the subscripts A an T indicate axial and radial (transverse) directions of the fiber, respectively.
Table 1. Material properties of composite

Graphite fibers Epoxy matrix (Maxwell model)

EA (GPa) 168.4 -

ET (GPa) 24.82 -

A 0.443 -

T 0.005 -

GA (GPa) 44.13

E0 (GPa) 4.082

m (min) 441.85 39.15 0.311

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MODELLING OF MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 2011

The 4 International conference Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Technical university of Koice
th

To plot the relaxation C22 (t ) of composite as a function of time for 0 < t < 100 minutes, the problem could be solved following steps: i) Formulate compliance matrix S for the elastic, transversely isotropic fibers. The compliance matrix is used to write the relationship between strains and stress for orthotropic material. Then we calculate the stiffness matrix C in terms of engineering constants by inverting C= (S)-1 (8) We note that () denotes the material coordinate system. So far both C and S are 6x6 matrices with 9 independent constants for case of orthotropic materials. If material is transversly isotropic C13= C12, 13= 12, E3=E2. The components of stiffness matrix are given in (1.93) [8] ii) Viscoelastic, isotropic matrix following the Maxwell model: E (t ) = E exp t [9].
0

( )

Transform to the Carson domain and use (7.66) and (7.67) to calculate the Lames constants iii) The Stiffness Tensor for the composite in the Carson domain is given by (7.71) [8] iv) Transform the values of the stiffness tensor to the time domain (function in MATLAB) Time courses of stiffness components are described in fig. 2 to fig.6. The colour blue represents viscoelastic behaviour, black elastic and red represents elastic stiffness of matrix.

Fig.2 Course of stiffness component C11

Fig.3 Course of stiffness component C12

The solution could be obtained as in the above problem; but calculating the compliance tensor in the Carson domain, , from the values of . Then the time-dependent properties E1(t), E2(t) and G12(t) are defined by transformation of to the time domain. Finally, those values of the time-dependent properties are fitted to the exponential model to get the composite parameters E1-0, 1, E2-0, 2, G12-0, 12. The MATLAB code solves this problem. Calculated fitting parameters are: E1-0 = 102.5769 GPa, 1 = 6.1330e+003 min E2-0 = 10.3632 GPa, 2 = 60.2181 min G12-0 = 5.5566 GPa, 12 = 44.3575 min

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MODELLING OF MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 2011

The 4 International conference Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Technical university of Koice
th

Fig.4 Course of stiffness component C22

Fig.5 Course of stiffness component C23

Fig.6 Course of stiffness component C66

Fig. 7 Course of E1

Fig. 8 Course of E2

Fig.9 Course of G12

Time courses of elastic and viscoelastic properties E1(t), E2(t) a G12(t) for given Maxwell model are described in fig. 7 to fig.9. The colour blue represents viscoelastic behaviour and red colour represents elastic properties.

4.2 Problem 2 In second problem is implemented the Maxwell model constitutive equations for transversally orthotropic lamina material under plane stress conditions in ANSYS. The user
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MODELLING OF MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 2011

The 4 International conference Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Technical university of Koice
th

programmable subroutine usermatps.f for plane and shell elements was used. Using the viscoelastic properties in first example is computed response of a [ 45 / 90 2 ]s . The thickness of each layer is tk=1.25 mm. Load the sample with uniform edge loads in the middle laminate surface Nx, Ny = 10 N/mm. For analysis we used SHELL181 element type. The procedure for compilation and execution in ANSYS environment is following: Create a directory in a local disk, such as c:\ansys for the model files( .log and other files) Create a directory in local disk, such as c:\ansyscustom for the FORTRAN code files Go to C:\Program Files\AnsysInc\v110\ANSYS\custom\user\intel and copy the following files to c:\ansyscustom
- ansyslarge.def - ansyssmall.def - makefile

From the Web site [10], copy the following files into c:\ansyscustom - ANSCUSTWVU.BAT(this is a modified version ANSCUST.BAT) - the user subroutine (usermatps.f) From the working directory copy example2.log file into c:\ansys (see appendix) On an explorer window showing c:\ansyscustom, double click ANSCUSTWVU.BAT. You should respond N to the prompt in order to build a large version of executable file Run custom version of ANSYS program Fig.10 and fig.11 describes the laminate and laminae relaxations, as well as the laminae stress x as function of time for 0 > t > 300 minutes.

Fig.10 Course of stress

Fig.11 Coures of laminate relaxation

4.3 Problem 3 In third problem we compute the parameters in the Maxwell model for all the nine engineering properties of a [0/90]S laminate. Each layer is 1.25 mm thick. The material is carbon T300 and Epoxy 934 (NR) with fiber volume fraction Vf = 0.62 and layer thickness 1.25 mm. Epoxy is represented by a Maxwell model [9] with E0 = 4.082 GPa, = 39.15 min and and m = 0.311. Carbon T300 is transversally isotropic with axial modulus EA = 202.8 GPa, transverse modulus ET = 25.3 GPa, GA= 44.1 GPa, A=0.443, T = 0.005.

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MODELLING OF MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 2011

The 4 International conference Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Technical university of Koice
th

The general procedure to solve this sort of problem is: i) Determine the properties of each layer of the composite (combining the properties of the fibers and the matrix) in the Carson domain; those properties are obtained in the local coordinate system. For this particular problem the equation 7.71 from [8] applies, assuming the layer to be transversely isotropic. ii) Each layer must be aligned to the selected global system. Apply the procedure for transformation of constitutive equations described in [11] iii) Obtain the properties of the composite by averaging the properties of the layers. Apply the procedure described in the section 1.15 [8]. The composite is now an Orthotropic material and 9 elastic constants are necessary to describe it. iv) Calculate the engineering constants; they are in the Carson domain. Apply the procedure described in the [8] v) Transform the properties from Carson domain to time domain by using the Lapalce transform methodology. vi) Fit the data (engineering properties in the time domain) to the desired model. The MATLAB code solves this problem and numerical results are: Exo = 69.6298; x = 1.0963e+003 y = 1.0963e+003 Eyo = 69.6298; Ezo = 12.5109; z = 61.9804 Gxyo = 5.8780; xy = 44.7644 Gxzo = 5.0648; xz = 49.5467 Gyzo = 5.0648; yz = 49.5467 xy = 0.0602; xz = 0.3763; yz = 0.3763

5. Conclusion
This paper is deals with the modeling of composite materials with viscoelastic matrix using the software ANSYS. The composite is reinforced with graphite fibers and epoxy matrix is represented by Maxwell model. The fibers has transversaly isotropic elastic properties. The composite is modeled using user subroutine usermatps.f made in the software FORTRAN. In this paper we used ANSYS 11.0, Microsoft Visual studio. NET 2005 and FORTRAN Intel 9.1.3, are all available on Windows. The stiffness components dependent on time are calculated in the first example numerical example. Then the time-dependent properties E1(t), E2(t) and G12(t) are defined by transformation of to the time domain. In second example is implemented the Maxwell model constitutive equations for transversally orthotropic lamina material under plane stress conditions in ANSYS. The procedure for compilation and execution in ANSYS environment was illustrated. In third example was computed the parameters in the Maxwell model for all the nine engineering properties of a [0/90]S laminate.

Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support by the Slovak Science and Technology Assistance Agency registered under number APVV-0169-07 and the Slovak Grant Agency registered under number VEGA 1/0657/09.

References
[1] ZIENKIEWICZ, O.C., TAYLOR, R.L., Finite element method for solid and structural mechanics, Sixth edition, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005
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MODELLING OF MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 2011

The 4 International conference Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Technical university of Koice
th

MADENCI, E., The Finite Element Method and Applications in Engineering Using ANSYS, Springer Science +Business media, Inc., 2006, ISBN-10: 0-387-28289-0 (HB) [3] GAUL, L., SCHANZ, M., A comparative study of three boundary element approaches to calculate the transient response of viscoelastic solids with unbounded domains, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engng., 1999, vol. 179, p. 111-123 [4] SLDEK, J., SLDEK, V., ZHANG, CH., SCHANZ, M., Meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method for continuously nonhomogeneous linear viscoelastic solids, Comput. Mech., 2006, vol. 37, p.279-289 [5] Theory reference for ANSYS and ANSYS Workbench, ANSYS Release 11.0, ANSYS Inc., 2007. [6] CHEN, W.H., CHANG, C.M., YEH, J.T., An incremental relaxation finite element analysis of viscoelastic problems with contact and friction, Computer methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 1993, vol. 109, p. 315-329 [7] VONDREJC, J., Constitutive models of linear viscoelasticity using Laplace transform, Cyech technical university, 2009 [8] BARBERO, E. J., Finite element analysis of composite materials, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, 2007, ISBN 13-978-1-4200-5433-0 [9] RIECKY, D., MINDK, M., KLIMKO, J., Finite element analysis of structures with viscoelastic material behaviour, Journal of Civil Engineering: Selected Scientific Papers, 2010, vol.5, Issue 2 [10] BARBERO, E.J., URL: <http://www.mae.wvu.edu/barbero/source/FEA-composites/> [11] ALTENBACH, H., ALTENBACH, J., KSSING, W., Mechanics of Composite Structural Elements, Engineering-Monograph (English), Springer-Verlag, 2003, ISBN-10: 3540408657

[2]

Appendix: Input file example.log for ANSYS

/TITLE,SHELL181 ! Material is AS4D/9310 - [45/-45/90/90]s, Th=1.25 mm per lamina /UNITS,MPA ! Units are in mm, MPa, and Newtons /PREP7 MP,EX,1,20000 TB,STAT,1,,2, ! NUMBER OF STAT VARIABLES TBTEMP,0 TBDATA,,,,,,, TBDE,USER,1,,, TB,USER,1,1,10, ! Number of material properties 10 variables ! Pre-processor module ! Material properties FOR AS4D/9310 orthotropic laminate ! The 12 variables for the USERMAT3d subroutine ! --------------------------------------------! E1 E2 nu12 nu23 G12 G23

Tau1

Tau2

Tau12 Tau13

TBDATA,,102576.9,10363.2,0.3970,0.2740,5556.6,4067.3 TBDATA,,6133.0,60.2181,44.3575,56.0958 ET,1,SHELL181,,,2 ! Set KEYOPT(3)=2, SECTYPE,1,SHELL,,La1 SECDATA, 1.25,1,45,3 ! Chooses SHELL181 element for analysis full integration (recommended in composites) ! Section shell set #1, [0/90/45/-45]s,label=La1 ! 1st layer: mat. #1, 0 deg, Th=1.25 mm
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MODELLING OF MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 2011

The 4 International conference Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Technical university of Koice
th

SECDATA, 1.25,1,-45,3 SECDATA, 1.25,1,90,3 SECDATA, 1.25,1,90,3 SECDATA, 1.25,1,90,3 SECDATA, 1.25,1,90,3 SECDATA, 1.25,1,-45,3 SECDATA, 1.25,1,45.0,3 SECOFFSET,MID ! Geometry and mesh R,1,1 RECTNG,0,1000,0,1000 ESIZE,100 TYPE,1 REAL,1 MAT,1 MSHKEY,1 AMESH,all FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,STATIC OUTRES,ALL,1 OUTRES,SVAR,1 KBC,1 NSUBST,1 TIME,1e-6 DL,2,1,uz,0 DL,3,1,uz,0 DL,1,1,symm DL,4,1,symm !d,all,rotz SFL,2,PRES,-10 SFL,3,PRES,-10 SOLVE NSUBST,10,25,10 TIME,300 SOLVE FINISH

! 2nd layer: mat. #1, 90 deg, Th=1.25 mm ! 3nd layer: mat. #1, +45 deg, Th=1.25 mm ! 4th layer: mat. #1, -45 deg, Th=1.25 mm ! Same layers in symmetrical order

! Nodes on the laminate middle thickness

! Creates a rectangle with x=1 m and y=1 m ! Element size 100 mm

! Mesh the area ! Exit pre-processor module ! Solution module ! Set static analysis ! STORE RESULTS FOR EVERY SUBSTEP ! STORE STATE VARIABLES ! Specifies stepped loading within a load step ! 1 = Number of substeps in these load step ! Define time near to zero ! Impose Simple Supported BC ! Impose Symmetry BC ! Constraint rotations about z axes (optional) ! Apply uniform pressure in N/mm ! Apply uniform pressure in N/mm ! Solve current load state ! 10 = Number of substeps in these load step ! Time at the end of load step ! Solve current load state ! Exit solution module

/POST26 ! Post-processor module NUMVAR,200 ESOL,2,56,82,s,x,s0layer ESOL,3,46,89,s,y,s90layer !FILLDATA,198,,,,1,0 ! ones !REALVAR,198,198 ! Name: SY_node10_inv ! ID: 4 ! Function: 1/ansol(10 ,S,Y) !QUOT,4,198,2,,SY_node10_inv ! Name: UY_node10_inv ! ID: 5 ! Function: 1/ansol(10 ,S,Y)
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MODELLING OF MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 2011

The 4 International conference Faculty of Mechanical engineering, Technical university of Koice
th

!QUOT,5,198,3,,UY_node10_inv !XVAR,3 PLVAR,2 PLVAR,3 lines,1000 PRVAR,2,3 FINISH ! Exit post-processor module

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