Assignment #3: Loading, Unloading and Fluid Transfer Facility

1. (a) Marine loading arm: Marine loading arm or a mechanical loading arm is a device consisting articulated steel pipes that connect tankship such as an oil tanker/chemical tanker to a cargo terminal. To some extent, it follows the movement of a moored vessel. (b) Marine loading hose: Provides a mean to safely transfer product from fixed offshore installations to shuttle tankers. (c) Pig launcher/receiver: Purpose of a launcher or a receiver is to introduce or retrieve pigs, spheres or inspection tools from a pipeline Pigging Refers to the practice of using pipeline inspection gauges or pigs to perform maintenance operations on a pipeline. This is done without stopping the flow of the product in the pipeline. (d) Pig signaler: Device which is installed on a pipeline or pig-trap assembly to detect movement of pig. It consists of a mechanism which detects the movement of a pig. 2. (a) Globe valve: Most common linear stem motion control valve. Name comes from the globular shaped cavities around the port. It is used for regulating flow in a pipeline. Application: Throttling and frequent operation. Since the baffles restricts flow. They are recommended where full, unobstructed flow is required. Advantages: -Simple structure, maintenance and manufacturing easier. -Efficient throttling, opening time is short. - Good sealing, friction between sealing, longer life expectancy. Disadvantages: -Fluid resistance, opening and closing force when needed. -Does not apply for larger particles, viscosity and easily choked medium. -High pressure drop. -More expensive than other valves. (b) Gate valve: Valve that opens by lifting a round/rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. Distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces between the gate and seats are planar. So, its used when minimum restriction is needed. Flow rate doesnt change evenly with stem travel. Application: Not suitable for throttling purposes. Advantageous in application that involve slurries, as their gates can cut right through the slurries. Its also used for viscous liquids such as heavy oils, varnish, molasses and honey. Advantages: -Can handle high capacity. -Tight shutoff. - Low cost. -Little resistance to flow.

Disadvantages: -Poor control. -Cavitates at low pressure. -It cannot be used for throttling. (c) Ball valve: Valve with a spherical disc, the part of the valve which controls the flow through it. The sphere has a hole through the middle so that when the port is in line with both end of the valve, flow will occur. Also called a quarter-turn valve. Application: Its either fully open or fully closed. Limited throttling. Able to handle high temperature fluids. Advantages: -Low cost. -Able to handle high capacity. -Low leakage and maintenance. -Tight sealing with low torque. Disadvantages: -Poor throttling characteristics. -Prone to cavitation. (d) Butterfly valve: A valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow. The closing mechanism takes the form of a disk. Also referred to as a quarter-turn valve. Applications: Handle liquids, gases, slurries and liquids with suspended solids. Advantages: -Low cost. -Able to handle high capacity. -Good flow control. -Low pressure drop. Disadvantages: -High torque required for control. - Prone to cavitation at lower flows. (e) Needle valve: Type of valve having a small port and a threaded, needle-shaped plunger. It allows precise regulation of flow, although it is generally only capable of relatively low flow rates. Application: Usually used in flow metering applications, especially when a constant, calibrated, low flow rate must be maintained for some time, such as the idle fuel flow in a carburetor. Advantages. -Its ability to control flow with such exactness that makes the needle flow ideal for situations in which the desired flow must be maintained with little or no variance. Disadvantages:

Unlike other types of valve, theres no way to visually observe the position of the screw or the handle used to control the positioning of the screw and determine if the valve is open or closed. 3. Pipe pressure drop and friction factor formulation: (a) Pressure Drop: Pressure drop in pipes are caused by friction, vertical pipe difference or elevation, and changes of kinetic energy. Pressure loss in terms of Pa is calculated using the following equation/ P = f*(L*P*v2/2*di) The Darcy-Weisbach can be used to calculate head loss or pressure loss due to friction along a given length of pipe. Hf = F*L/D*V2/2g (b) Friction Factor Formulation: f values can be obtained from Moody charts. In general, f depends on the Reynolds number of the pipe flow and the relative roughness ( /D) of the pipe wall. For laminar flow, Re<2300 while for turbulent flow , Re>4000. The roughness measure is the average size of bumps on the pipe wall.