Ian Stanion P.5 Chapter 28 Answers 1.

The Factors that contributed to the Age of anxiety between the World Wars were the radical changes in belief that came from the age. The writings of people like Nietzsche and Freud were responsible for the radical shift in how people saw the world during the Age of Strife. Advancements in science also changed the way people saw the word. The shift from empiricism to a belief in the untestable world of relativity was a great leap in the understanding of physics. The period between wars also was home to a radical change in art. Artists like Picasso and Van Goch used a abstract style that broke the rules of perspective and form layed down by Classical and Romantic artists. 2. The philosophy of Existentialism makes less sense than Logical Empiricism because it focuses mostly on attitudes towards a subject, and less on the facts of makes up the subject itself. Empiricist thinkers focus on the facts and logic and try to come to a rational conclusion. Existentialist thinkers focus on the absurdity of the subject and how it is irrational. The logic and factual understanding that Empiricism allows as a way of thinking makes it have more sense as a philosophy. 3. The new understanding of Physics was important for science in the late 20th Century because it allowed scientists to exponentially increase the rate innovation and improvement. The Theory of Relativity calculated by Einstein allowed for the creation of powerful new weapons such as the atom bomb. 4. The new physics were important for European society because it allowed for many new technologies to be developed that changed European life. The invention of the atom bomb was a development that changed the way war was fought and has loomed over civilization since its invention. Another advancement was the invention of the automobile, which revolutionized transformation. 5. Sigmund Frued's theories greatly upset traditionalists because it challenged Humanity's understanding of itself and posed the question of what actually made us Human. The traditional idea of Humanity was that we were created in God's image. The idea that Humans were not as perfect as the traditionalists believed was insulting to the people who were believers in the old ways. 6. The writers of the early 20th Century portrayed pessimism, relativism, and alienation to their readers through depictions of the war, and the uncertainty after it. Writers and other artists in the days after the war looked back and told of their experiences, and the hardships and sufferings of the war. The artists of the time also looked forward at the age of confusion and loss in front of them and portrayed their feelings of uncertainty for their audiences. Writers like Nietzsche and Freud were thinkers that portrayed their uncertainty in theories that challenged normality. 7. Modern innovations in architecture differed from traditional design because of the building style and use of the land. The modern architectural techniques used more abstract shapes instead of the usual traditional ones. On top of this, Modernist houses used the terrain in a more dynamic way often making it a part of the house's design. This can be seen in the design of Falling Water, one of the most famous modern houses made in America. In that case, the house was made as part of a waterfall. 8. Of the impressionists, expressionists, dadaists, and surrealists, none accurately depict the "truth of

modern life because they are all a distortion. Expressionism is a radical distortion of reality that focuses more on emotion than realism. Dadaism is highly distorted by anti-war themes and gives little care for much else. Surrealism takes no account of reality and instead conveys a philosophical meaning through abstract visuals. The many schools of artistic thought show the unsureness of the times and none of them accurately show any one true understanding. 9. In the chapter, I favor Van Goch. I like his works, and him as an artist because of his beautiful abstract style and his vivid colours. His paintings portray the beauty he sees in the world, and not the uncertainty. My least favorite artist from the chapter would be Edvard Munch. Munch's dreary colors and dark atmosphere in his paintings makes them depressing to view. His expressionist style focusses too much on the emotion of a singular viewpoint. 10. The development of radios were probably the one of the most important innovations of the post war period. With radio technology came an easy way to distribute information, and allow for easy communication. Because of the convenience radio allowed, life in Europe was greatly bettered by the usage of radios in society. The radio also had many uses besides the helping of civilians. Radios wee used by every military as a means of communication from very long distances. The radio changed the way war was fought, as it allowed troops to be informed without having to wait for a telegram to be delivered. Because of all the reasons that the radio was useful to the people of the 20th Century and beyond, it can be seen as one of the most useful inventions of the time. 11. The Versailles Treaty was too harsh for a reconciliation peace, but to soft for a conquest peace because of the competing standards of the people who were writing the treaty. The competing goals of France and Britain, and America led to an indecisive treaty that did nothing for Germany but hurt it in ways that would only lead to spite later down the road. The treaty was too soft to lead to a conquering peace because it allowed Germany to retain its sovereignty and field a small military of its own. The treaty was also to harsh for a peaceful reconciliation because it punished Germany with a large demilitarization, as well as placed German territory under many different countries control, as well as force it to pay massive reparations for the other countries. In the end, the treaty accomplished nothing besides cripple Germany culturally, economically, and militarily. The indecisiveness of the treaty writers led to only the molding of a vengeful, and distrustful Germany which would be ripe for the convincing to return to war. 12. The German Reparations Bill of 1923 started an international controversy that ended in economic disaster. After the War, Germany was required by the Treaty of Versailles to pay a massive amount of war reparations to the powers of Europe it fought against, mainly Britain and France. Because the war had also left Germany under huge debt of its own, it was unable to pay the reparations to the other countries without financial support. Germany looked to the United States, the sole country that benefited economically from the war, for help. In the 1930s, when the American Great depression happened, Germany, who had invested its whole economy in American banks, collapsed. Because Germany was no longer able to keep the flow of money going into other European countries, they too were unable to pay their debts and collapsed under their weight. The German Reparations Bill was a prime factor in the cause of the international Great Depression because it caused a domino effect that turned the collapseof one nation into the collapse of the world economy.

13. The whole of Europe was dragged down into the Great depression because of how entwined it was in the world economy. American banks were funding Germany which was paying reparations to the rest of the powers of Europe. When the American economy fell, it took down every other country in a massive domino effect that resulted from international trade. The German Reparations Bill also was a factor in the massive international collapse of economy. German reparations were the only source of money that countries like Britain and France could use to pay their debts. When America collapsed, it took down Germany, which then caused the rest of Europe to fall down with it. 14.